Bolognese

Conjugate Verbs

Facts

  • Language: Bolognese
  • Alternate names:
  • Language code: ditnb
  • Language family: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Italian (SIL classification)
  • Number of speakers: 3500000
  • Script:

More information:

    Introduction

    Bolognese is a dialect of Emilian group of closely related dialects of Emilian-Romagnol language. Emilian dialects are spoken in the historical region of Emilia, the western portion of today's Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. Bolognese is spoken in all the Province of Bologna and in around Castelfranco Emilia (Modena); in the Province of Ferrara (Cento, Poggio Renatico, Sant'Agostino and Mirabello) and in Pavana (Province of Pistoia, Tuscany).

    Emilian-Romagnol language speaking area
    Emilian-Romagnol language speaking area

    Bolognese Phonology

    Vowels: ä, â, à, å, é, ê, è, î, ò, ô, ó, û

    Consonants: cia, ce, ci, cio, ciu; ca, che, chi, co, cu; gia, ge, gi, gio, giu; ga, ghe, ghi, go, gu; gli, g-li, gn, j, n, nn, ṅn, q, s, ṡ, s-c, z, ż

    The Bolognese Verb

    Verbs are divided in 4 conjugations, like in Latin. Conjugations are grouped by the ending of the infinitive:

    Verbs are conjugated in

    Furthermore verbs there are affirmative and interrogative conjugations.

    There are both regular verbs and irregular verbs. Regular verbs also undergo changes in stem vowel, depending on the stress.

    Stem Vowel Alternation

    The stem vowel often undergoes changes, depending on whether it is stressed or not stressed.

    In 1st conjugation the vowel alternation applies to indicative and subjunctive present singular and 3rd person plural, as well as 2nd person singular in imperative. The following table shows two regular verbs of the 1st conjugation conjugated in indicative present.

    Personmandèr (no change)bravèr
    Sg.1mandbrèv
    Sg.2mandbrèv
    Sg.3mandabrèva
    Pl.1mandänbravän
    Pl.2mandèbravè
    Pl.1mandenbrèven

    In 3rd conjugation the vowel alternation applies to indicative and subjunctive plural 1st and 2nd persons, as well as 2nd person plural in imperative. The following table shows two regular verbs of the 3d conjugation conjugated in indicative present.

    Personadliżer (no change)lèżer
    Sg.1adliżlèż
    Sg.2adliżlèż
    Sg.3adliżlèż
    Pl.1adliżänliżän
    Pl.2adliżîliżî
    Pl.1adliżenlèżen

    Sample Verbs

    1st Conjugation: mandèr

    PersonIndicativeConditionalSubjunctiveImperative
    PresentImperfectPreteriteFuturePresentImperfect
    Sg.1mandmandèvamandémandaròmandarê(v)mandamandéss
    Sg.2mandmandèvmandéssmandarèmandaréssmandmandéssmanda
    Sg.3mandamandèvamandémandaràmandarê(v)mandamandéss
    Pl.1mandänmandèvenmandénnmandaränmandarénnmandaggnamandéssen
    Pl.2mandèmandèvimandéssimandarîmandaréssimandèdimandéssimandè
    Pl.3mandenmandèvenmandénnmandarànmandarénnmandenmandéssen

    2nd Conjugation: parair

    PersonIndicativeConditionalSubjunctiveImperative
    PresentImperfectPreteriteFuturePresentImperfect
    Sg.1pèrparêvaparépar-ròparê(v)pèraparéss
    Sg.2pèrparêvparésspar-rèparésspèrparésspèr
    Sg.3pèrparêvaparépar-ràparê(v)pèraparéss
    Pl.1paränparêvenparénnpar-ränparénnparaggnaparéssen
    Pl.2parîparêviparéssipar-rîparéssiparèdiparéssiparè
    Pl.3pèrenparêvenparénnpar-rànparénnpèrenparéssen

    3rd Conjugation: adliżer

    PersonIndicativeConditionalSubjunctiveImperative
    PresentImperfectPreteriteFuturePresentImperfect
    Sg.1adliżadliżêvaadliżéadliżròadliżrê(v)adliżaadliżéss
    Sg.2adliżadliżêvadliżéssadliżrèadliżréssadliżadliżéssadliż
    Sg.3adliżadliżêvaadliżéadliżràadliżrê(v)adliżaadliżéss
    Pl.1adliżänadliżêvenadliżénnadliżränadliżrénnadliżaggnaadliżéssen
    Pl.2adliżîadliżêviadliżéssiadliżrîadliżréssiadliżèdiadliżéssiadliżî
    Pl.3adliżenadliżêvenadliżénnadliżrànadliżrénnadliżenadliżéssen

    4th Conjugation: finîr

    PersonIndicativeConditionalSubjunctiveImperative
    PresentImperfectPreteriteFuturePresentImperfect
    Sg.1finéssfinêvafinéfiniròfinirê(v)finéssafinéss
    Sg.2finéssfinêvfinéssfinirèfiniréssfinéssfinéssfinéss
    Sg.3finéssfinêvafinéfiniràfinirê(v)finéssafinéss
    Pl.1finänfinêvenfinénnfiniränfinirénnfinaggnafinéssen
    Pl.2finîfinêvifinéssifinirîfiniréssifinèdifinéssifinî
    Pl.3finéssenfinêvenfinénnfinirànfinirénnfinessenfinéssen

    èser

    PersonIndicativeConditionalSubjunctiveImperative
    PresentImperfectPreteriteFuturePresentImperfect
    Sg.1sånêrasròsrê(v)séppa; siafóss
    Sg.2îêrfósssrèsréssséppfósssît
    Sg.3éêrasràsrê(v)séppa; siafóss
    Pl.1sänêrenfónnsränsrénnsaggnafóssen
    Pl.2êrifóssisrîsréssisièdifóssisièdi
    Pl.3énêrenfónnsransrénnséppenfóssen

    avair

    PersonIndicativeConditionalSubjunctiveImperative
    PresentImperfectPreteriteFuturePresentImperfect
    Sg.1òavêvaavéaròarê(v)èvaavéss
    Sg.2èavêvavéssarèaréssèvavéssèvet
    Sg.3àavêvaavéaràarê(v)èvaavéss
    Pl.1avänavêvenavénnaränarénnavaggnaavéssen
    Pl.2avîavêviavéssiarîaréssiavèdiavéssiavèdi
    Pl.3anavêvenavénnarànarénnèvenavéssen

    References