Coptic

Conjugate Verbs

Introduction

Coptic Language, (from Greek Aigyptos, “Egypt” by way of Arabic qubt), the final phase of the Egyptian language, with borrowings from Greek and various Semitic languages; it is a member of the Egyptian branch of the Hamito-Semitic languages. Coptic at first existed concurrently with demotic Egyptian (the literary Egyptian of c. 700 BC-c. AD 400) but outlived it. By the 3rd century a Christian literature also began to appear in Coptic. Extant non-Christian Coptic writings include a fragment of Plato's Republic, medical texts, and magical spells. During that era Greek was the language of intellectual circles in Egypt, and so for Coptic the Greek alphabet was adopted, augmented by seven letters derived from demotic Egyptian; it is thus the only phase of the Egyptian language that is written in a way that makes the pronunciation clear to modern scholars. Coptic was to some extent (but not altogether) supplanted by Arabic between the 8th and the 14th centuries; it is preserved, however, as the liturgical language of the Coptic church. Most of the extant Coptic texts are religious works translated from the Greek. The only works originally written in Coptic are Gnostic and Manichaean texts, and a vast number of letters, sermons, and treaties written by Shenoute, the abbot of the so-called White Monastery at Sohag, near Akhmim. Coptic resembles demotic Egyptian except that in Coptic many non-Christian terms have been replaced by religious terms of Greek origin. Scholars usually recognize five Coptic dialects, of which Sahidic was the classical or standard dialect. Others are Bohairic, Fayyumic, Akhmimic, and Sub-Akhmimic. Efforts are now being made to have Bohairic taught in some schools.

Alphabet

Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the first century. The new writing system became the Coptic script, an adapted Greek alphabet with the addition of six to seven signs from the demotic script to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have. Sev

The verb

Sample verb: κωτ (kōt)

Present

sg.1	tikōt	ϯκωτ
sg.2 m	kkōt	κκωτ
sg.2 f	tekōt	τεκωτ
sg.3 m	fkōt	ϥκωτ
sg.3 f	skōt	ϲκωτ
pl.1	tənkōt	τν̅κωτ
pl.2	tetənkōt	τετν̅κωτ
pl.3	sekōt	ϲεκωτ

Future

sg.1	tinakōt	ϯνακωτ
sg.2 m	knakōt	κνακωτ
sg.2 f	tenakōt	τενακωτ
sg.3 m	fnakōt	ϥνακωτ
sg.3 f	snakōt	ϲνακωτ
pl.1	tənnakōt	τν̅νακωτ
pl.2	tetnakōt	τετνακωτ
pl.3	senakōt	ϲενακωτ

Verblist

ⲁⲓⲁⲓ, ⲁⲗⲉ, ⲁⲗⲏ, ⲁⲗⲏⲓ, ⲁⲗⲉϩ, ⲁⲙⲁϩⲓ, ⲁⲛⲑⲁϣ, ⲁⲛⲧⲁϣ, ⲁⲛⲁⲭⲱⲣⲉⲓ, ⲁⲣⲉϩ, ⲁⲓⲧⲟⲩ, ⲁϣⲁⲓ, ⲁϣⲉ, ⲃⲱⲕⲉ, ⲃⲱⲗ, ⲃⲁⲡⲧⲓⲍⲉ, ⲃⲁⲥⲁⲛⲓⲍⲉ, ⲃⲱϣ, ⲃⲟϣⲃⲉϣ, ⲅⲉⲛⲟⲓⲧⲟ, ⲇⲟⲉⲓⲙ, ⲉⲙⲓ, ⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧ, ⲉⲛⲕⲁⲧⲕ, ⲉⲣⲙⲉⲑⲣⲉ, ⲉⲣⲙⲁⲥⲧⲓⲅⲅⲟⲓⲛ, ⲉⲣⲛⲟⲃⲓ, ⲉⲣⲛⲱⲓⲕ, ⲉⲣⲡⲉⲙⲡϣⲁ, ⲉⲣⲣⲱⲙⲓ, ⲉⲣⲟⲩⲥⲁⲣⲝ, ⲉⲣⲧⲓⲙⲁⲛ, ⲉⲣⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛ, ⲉⲣⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ, ⲉⲣⲫⲙⲉⲩⲓ, ⲉⲣⲫⲟⲣⲓⲛ, ⲉⲣⲫⲁϧⲣⲓ, ⲉⲣⲯⲁⲗⲓⲛ, ⲉⲣϣⲏⲣⲓ, ⲉⲣⲉϩ, ⲉⲣⲏϩ, ⲉⲣϩⲱⲃ, ⲉⲣϩⲙⲟⲧ, ⲉⲣϩⲟϯ, ⲉⲣϩⲏⲧⲥ, ⲉⲣϩⲟⲩⲟ, ⲑⲱⲙ, ⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ, ⲑⲙⲟ, ⲑⲱⲣϣ, ⲑⲟϥⲧⲉϥ, ⲑⲱϧ, ⲑⲓϧⲓ, ⲑⲟϧⲧⲉϧ, ⲑⲱϩⲉⲙ, ⲑⲱϩⲥ, ⲓ, ⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, ⲓ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ, ⲉⲓⲃⲉ, ⲓⲃⲓ, ⲓⲗⲓ, ⲉⲓⲙⲉ, ⲉⲓⲙⲓ, ⲓⲙⲓ, ⲉⲓⲙⲙⲉ, ⲉⲓⲛⲉ, ⲓⲛⲓ, ⲓⲛⲓ ⲛⲟⲩϣⲟⲩϣⲱⲟⲩϣⲓ, ⲉⲓⲣⲉ, ⲓⲣⲉ, ⲓⲣⲓ, ⲓⲱⲥ, ⲉⲓϣⲉ, ⲓϣⲓ, ⲉⲓⳉⲉ, ⲕⲱ, ⲕⲱ ⲉⲃⲁⲗ, ⲕⲱ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, ⲕⲱ ⲉϩⲣⲁⲓ, ⲕⲃⲟ, ⲕⲱⲗⲉⲙ, ⲕⲗⲉⲙⲗⲉⲙ, ⲕⲓⲙ, ⲕⲙⲁⲙ, ⲕⲙⲟⲙ, ⲕⲏⲣⲩⲥⲥⲉ, ⲕⲱⲥ, ⲕⲱⲱⲥⲓ, ⲕⲱⲧ, ⲕⲧⲁ, ⲕⲁϯ, ⲕⲧⲟ, ⲕⲱⲧⲉ, ⲕⲱϯ, ⲗⲱⲃϣ, ⲗⲓⲙⲓ, ⲗⲁⲉⲓⲥ, ⲗⲱⲧ, ⲗⲉϣⲓ, ⲙⲉ, ⲙⲉⲉⲓ, ⲙⲉⲓ, ⲙⲉⲓⲉ, ⲙⲟ, ⲙⲟⲩ, ⲙⲓⲕⲓ, ⲙⲕⲁϩ, ⲙⲗⲁϧ, ⲙⲟⲩⲗϩ, ⲙⲙⲉ, ⲙⲟⲩⲛ, ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲉ-, ⲙⲟⲩⲣ, ⲙⲓⲥⲉ, ⲙⲓⲥⲓ, ⲙⲟⲥϯ, ⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ, ⲙⲟⲩϯ, ⲙⲉⲧⲙⲉⲑⲣⲉ, ⲙⲉⲧⲙⲉⲧⲣⲏ, ⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ, ⲙⲉⲩⲓ, ⲙⲉϣⲉ-, ⲙⲟϣⲓ, ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ, ⲙⲉϩ, ⲙⲟⲩϫϭ, ⲙⲉⳋⲏⲗ, ⲛⲁⲓ, ⲛⲉⲓ, ⲛⲕⲟⲧⲕ, ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲙ, ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉⲙ, ⲛⲁⲩ, ⲛⲉⲩ, ⲛⲟⲩϩⲉ, ⲛⲟⲩϩⲃ, ⲛⲟⲩϩⲙ, ⲛⲉϩⲡⲉ, ⲛⲉϩⲡⲓ, ⲛⲉϩⲥⲓ, ⲛⲁϩϯ, ⲛⲉϩϣⲗϥ, ⲛⲟⲩϫ, ⲛⲟⲩϫⲉ, ⲛⲉϫⲧⲁϥ, ⲡⲗⲉⲁ, ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲉ, ⲡⲱⲱⲣⲉ, ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲇⲓⲇⲟⲩ, ⲡⲱⲣϣ, ⲡⲁⲣϩⲓⲥⲧⲁ, ⲡⲱⲣⳉ, ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲉⲩⲉ, ⲡⲱⲥϩ, ⲡⲱϣ, ⲡⲱϣⲉ, ⲡⲱϣⲛ, ⲡⲱϣⲉⲛ, ⲡⲱϩⲥ, ⲡⲉϫⲉ-, ⲣⲓⲙⲉ, ⲣⲓⲙⲓ, ⲣⲁⲉⲓⲥ, ⲣⲟⲉⲓⲥ, ⲣⲱⲥ, ⲣⲱⲓⲥ, ⲣⲱⲧ, ⲣⲁϣⲓ, ⲣⲱϧⲓ, ⲣⲱϩⲉ, ⲣϩⲓⲕ, ⲥⲓ, ⲥⲱ, ⲥⲉⲃⲓ, ⲥⲱⲃⲉ, ⲥⲱⲃⲓ, ⲥⲃⲃⲉ, ⲥⲏⲃⲃⲓ, ⲥⲟⲃⲥⲉⲃ, ⲥⲟⲃϯ, ⲥⲑⲟⲓ, ⲥⲟⲩⲕ, ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲥⲕⲉⲣⲕⲉⲣ, ⲥⲕⲟⲣⲕⲣ, ⲥⲕⲁⲣⲕⲣⲉ, ⲥⲁⲗⲥⲗ, ⲥⲁⲗⲥⲉⲗ, ⲥⲟⲗⲥⲗ, ⲥⲟⲗⲥⲉⲗ, ⲥⲁⲗⲥⲗⲉ, ⲥⲙⲟⲩ, ⲥⲓⲛⲉ, ⲥⲓⲛⲓ, ⲥⲱⲛⲧ, ⲥⲟⲡⲥ, ⲥⲟⲡⲥⲡ, ⲥⲟⲡⲥⲉⲡ, ⲥⲱⲣ, ⲥⲱⲱⲣⲓ, ⲥⲱⲣⲙ, ⲥⲱⲣⲉⲙ, ⲥⲱⲣⲙⲉ, ⲥⲱⲣϩ, ⲥⲧⲁⲓ, ⲥⲓⲧⲉ, ⲥⲓϯ, ⲥⲱⲧⲙ, ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ, ⲥⲱⲧⲙⲉ, ⲥⲉⲧⲧⲁϥ, ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ, ⲥⲱⲟⲩⲛ, ⲥⲱⲟⲩϩ, ⲥⲱϣⲉ, ⲥⲱϥ, ⲥϧⲁⲓ, ⲥⲱϧⲓ, ⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲥϩⲉⲉⲓ, ⲥⲱϩⲉ, ⲥⲱϩⲣ, ⲥⲱϩⲣⲉ, ⲥⲁϫⲓ, ⲥⳉⲉⲉⲓ, ⲧⲁⲓⲟ, ⲧⲉ, ϯ, ⲧⲱⲃ, ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲉ, ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ, ⲧⲱⲃⲉ, ⲧⲱⲃⲓ, ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ, ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲓ, ⲧⲱⲃϩ, ⲧⲁⲕⲁ, ϯⲕⲁϯ, ϯⲁⲗϭⲟ, ⲧⲁⲓⲙ, ⲧⲱⲙ, ⲧⲁⲙⲁ, ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁ, ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲟ, ⲧⲁⲙⲟ, ϯⲱⲙⲥ, ⲧⲱⲡ, ϯⲡⲓ, ϯⲡⲓⲉⲓ, ⲧⲱⲡⲉ, ⲧⲁⲣϣ, ⲧⲟⲣϣ, ⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲧⲱⲣϣ, ⲧⲥⲟ, ϯⲥⲃⲱ, ⲧⲁⲩ, ϯⲱⲟⲩ, ⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲃⲉ, ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲧⲉ, ϯⲫⲓ, ⲧⲱϩ, ϯϩⲉ, ϯϩⲓ, ϯϩⲟ, ⲧⲱϩⲙ, ⲧⲱϩⲉⲙ, ⲧⲱϩⲙⲉ, ϯϩⲁⲡ, ⲧⲱϩⲥ, ⲧⲁϩⲧϩ, ϯϫⲟⲙ, ϯⳉⲉ, ⲧⳉⲡⲟ, ⲟⲩⲁⲃ, ⲟⲩⲃⲁϣ, ⲟⲩⲃⲉϣ, ⲟⲩⲃⲁⳉ, ⲟⲩⲱⲙ, ⲟⲩⲱⲛ, ⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ, ⲟⲩⲁⲡ, ⲟⲩⲟⲡ, ⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ, ⲟⲩⲱⲥⳉ, ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲃ, ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉⲃ, ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲛ, ⲟⲩⲱϣ, ⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ, ⲟⲩⲱϣⲃⲉ, ⲟⲩⲱϣⲥ, ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ, ⲟⲩⲉϣⲟⲩⲉϣ, ⲟⲩⲉϣⲟⲩⲱϣ, ⲟⲩⲟϣⲟⲩⲉϣ, ⲟⲩⲁϩⲟⲩ, ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ, ⲟⲩⲱϩⲙ, ⲟⲩⲱϩⲉⲙ, ⲟⲩⲱϩⲙⲉ, ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ, ⲟⲩⲱϫⲉ, ⲟⲩⲱⳉⲉ, ⲫⲱⲣ, ⲫⲟⲣⲉⲓ, ⲫⲱⲣϣ, ⲫⲓⲥⲓ, ⲫⲱⲧ, ⲫⲱϣ, ⲫⲱϣⲉⲛ, ⲭⲁ-, ⲭⲏ, ⲭⲱ, ⲭⲱ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, ⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ, ⲭⲙⲟⲙ, ⲱⲃ, ⲱⲃⲉ, ⲱⲗⲓ, ⲱⲗⲕ, ⲱⲙⲕ, ⲱⲛϧ, ⲱⲛϩ, ⲱⲛⳉ, ⲱⲡ, ⲱⲣⲕ, ⲱⲟⲩ, ⲱϣ, ⲱϥ, ⲱϥⲉ, ⲱϥⲓ, ⲱϫⲉⲃ, ⲱϭⲃ, ϣⲁ, ϣⲁⲓ, ϣⲉⲉⲓ, ϣⲑⲁⲙ, ϣⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ, ϣⲗⲏⲗ, ϣⲱⲗⲡ, ϣⲱⲗⲉⲡ, ϣⲁⲗϣⲉⲗ, ϣⲗⲁϩ, ϣⲙⲟⲙ, ϣⲙϣⲉ, ϣⲉⲙϣⲓ, ϣⲏⲙϣⲓ, ϣⲓⲛⲓ, ϣⲱⲛⲓ, ϣⲟⲛⲧ, ϣⲉⲡ-, ϣⲱⲡ, ϣⲱⲡⲉ, ϣⲱⲡⲓ, ϣⲉⲡⲙⲕⲁϩ, ϣⲟⲡϥ, ϣⲉⲡϧⲓⲥⲓ, ϣⲉⲡϩⲙⲟⲧ, ϣⲁⲣⲓ, ϣⲱⲣⲡ, ϣⲁⲣϣⲣ, ϣⲟⲣϣⲣ, ϣⲟⲣϣⲉⲣ, ϣⲧⲁⲗⲧⲉⲗ, ϣⲧⲟⲣⲧⲣ, ϣⲱϣ, ϣⲟⲩϣⲟⲩ, ϣⲁϫⲉ, ϣⲉϫⲓ, ϣϫⲟⲙ, ϥⲁⲓ, ϥⲓ, ϥⲱϫⲓ, ϥⲱϭⲉ, ϧⲱⲕⲓ, ϧⲙⲟⲙ, ϧⲉⲣϧⲉⲣ, ϧⲓⲥⲓ, ϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ, ϧⲟⲧϧⲉⲧ, ϩⲉ, ϩⲱⲃ, ϩⲱⲃⲥ, ϩⲓⲑⲁϥ, ϩⲕⲟ, ϩⲱⲗ, ϩⲱⲗⲉⲙ, ϩⲗⲟϫ, ϩⲗⲟϭ, ϩⲙⲁⲙ, ϩⲙⲟⲙ, ϩⲙⲟⲟⲥ, ϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ, ϩⲓⲱⲛⲉ, ϩⲱⲡ, ϩⲱⲣ, ϩⲁⲣⲉϩ, ϩⲣϩⲣ, ϩⲱⲥ, ϩⲓⲥⲉ, ϩⲓⲥⲓ, ϩⲟⲧⲉⲃ, ϩⲱⲧⲃ, ϩⲱⲧⲉⲃ, ϩⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ϩⲱⲧⲡ, ϩⲁⲧϩⲧ, ϩⲁⲧϩⲉⲧ, ϩⲟⲧϩⲧ, ϩⲟⲟⲩ, ϩⲓⲟⲩⲉ, ϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ, ϩⲓⲱⲓϣ, ϩⲟϫϩⲉϫ, ϫⲓ, ϫⲟ, ϫⲱ, ϫⲱⲕ, ϫⲱⲓⲗⲓ, ϫⲓⲙⲓ, ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲙϯ, ϫⲉⲙϯⲡⲓ, ϫⲉⲙϩⲏⲟⲩ, ϫⲉⲙϫⲟⲙ, ϫⲱⲛⲧ, ϫⲡⲁ, ϫⲡⲟ, ϫⲱⲣ, ϫⲓⲣⲟⲩϩⲉ, ϫⲉⲣϫⲉⲣ, ϫⲓϯⲡⲉ, ϫⲓⲟⲩⲉ, ϫⲫⲟ, ϫⲟⲩϣⲧ, ϫⲱϩⲙ, ϫⲱϫ, ϭⲓ, ϭⲁⲓⲗⲓ, ϭⲓⲙⲱⲓⲧ, ϭⲙϭⲟⲙ, ϭⲓⲛⲉ, ϭⲛⲁⲛ, ϭⲱⲛⲧ, ϭⲓⲥⲓ, ϭⲓⲥⲃⲱ, ϭⲓⲥⲙⲟⲩ, ϭⲟⲥϫⲉⲥ, ϭⲱⲧⲡ, ϭⲓϯⲡⲓ, ϭⲓⲱⲟⲩ, ϭⲓⲟⲩⲓ, ϭⲟϩ, ϭⲟϫⲓ, ϭⲓϫⲟⲙ, ⳉⲁⲉ, ⳉⲙⲁⲙ, ⳉⲱⲡⲉ, ⳉⲱⲣⲡ, ⳉⲁⲣⳉⲣⲉ, ⳉⲣⳉⲣⲉ, ⳉⲓⲥⲉ, ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⳉⲧⲁⲣⲧⲣⲉ, ⳉⲁⲧⳉⲧ, ⳉⲱⳉ.

Notes

• Coptic notes

References

• Marjanen, Antti. Johdatus Koptin kieleen. Suomen egyptologinen seura.