Egyptian, Ancient
Conjugate Verbs
Facts
- Language: Egyptian, Ancient
- Alternate names: Old Egyptian
- Language code: xegy
- Language family:
Afro-Asiatic,
Egyptian
(SIL classification)
- Number of speakers: Extinct
- Script:
More information:
Introduction
Ancient Egyptian (Old Egyptian) was spoken 2600 BCE – 2000 BCE in Egypt. Egyptian is the predecessor of Coptic.
The verb
The verbal morphology of Egyptian can be divided into finite and non-finite forms. Finite verbs convey person, tense/aspect, mood, and voice.
Each is indicated by a set of affixal morphemes attached to the verb — the basic conjugation is sḏm.f 'he hears'. The non-finite forms occur without a subject and they are the infinitive, the participles and the negative infinitive. There are two main tenses/aspects in Egyptian: past and temporally unmarked imperfective and aorist forms. The latter are determined from their syntactic context.
Sample verb: sḏm
Imperfect
1 sgl
| sḏm.i
|
2 m sgl
| sḏm.k
|
2 f sgl
| sḏm.t
|
3 m sgl
| sḏm.f
|
3 f sgl
| sḏm.s
|
1 dual
| sḏm.i
|
2 m dual
| sḏm.ky
|
2 f dual
| sḏm.ty
|
3 m dual
| sḏm.fy
|
3 f dual
| sḏm.sy
|
1 pl
| sḏm.n
|
2 pl
| sḏm.tn
|
3 pl
| sḏm.sn
|
Perfect
1 sgl
| sḏm.n.i
|
2 m sgl
| sḏm.n.k
|
2 f sgl
| sḏm.n.t
|
3 m sgl
| sḏm.n.f
|
3 f sgl
| sḏm.n.s
|
1 dual
| sḏm.n.i
|
2 m dual
| sḏm.n.ky
|
2 f dual
| sḏm.n.ty
|
3 m dual
| sḏm.n.fy
|
3 f dual
| sḏm.n.sy
|
1 pl
| sḏm.n.n
|
2 pl
| sḏm.n.tn
|
3 pl
| sḏm.n.sn
|
Causative
1 sgl
| s.sḏm.i
|
2 m sgl
| s.sḏm.k
|
2 f sgl
| s.sḏm.t
|
3 m sgl
| s.sḏm.f
|
3 f sgl
| s.sḏm.s
|
1 dual
| s.sḏm.i
|
2 m dual
| s.sḏm.ky
|
2 f dual
| s.sḏm.ty
|
3 m dual
| s.sḏm.fy
|
3 f dual
| s.sḏm.sy
|
1 pl
| s.sḏm.n
|
2 pl
| s.sḏm.tn
|
3 pl
| s.sḏm.sn
|
Imperative
Compound: present
1 sgl
| iw.i sḏm.i
|
2 m sgl
| iw.k sḏm.k
|
2 f sgl
| iw.t sḏm.t
|
3 m sgl
| iw.f sḏm.f
|
3 f sgl
| iw.s sḏm.s
|
1 dual
| iw.i sḏm.i
|
2 m dual
| iw.ky sḏm.ky
|
2 f dual
| iw.ty sḏm.ty
|
3 m dual
| iw.fy sḏm.fy
|
3 f dual
| iw.sy sḏm.sy
|
1 pl
| iw.n sḏm.n
|
2 pl
| iw.tn sḏm.tn
|
3 pl
| iw.sn sḏm.sn
|
Compound: perfect
1 sgl
| iw.i sḏm.n.i
|
2 m sgl
| iw.k sḏm.n.k
|
2 f sgl
| iw.t sḏm.n.t
|
3 m sgl
| iw.f sḏm.n.f
|
3 f sgl
| iw.s sḏm.n.s
|
1 dual
| iw.i sḏm.n.i
|
2 m dual
| iw.ky sḏm.n.ky
|
2 f dual
| iw.ty sḏm.n.ty
|
3 m dual
| iw.fy sḏm.n.fy
|
3 f dual
| iw.sy sḏm.n.sy
|
1 pl
| iw.n sḏm.n.n
|
2 pl
| iw.tn sḏm.n.tn
|
3 pl
| iw.sn sḏm.n.sn
|
Compound: future
1 sgl
| wnn.i sḏm.i
|
2 m sgl
| wnn.k sḏm.k
|
2 f sgl
| wnn.t sḏm.t
|
3 m sgl
| wnn.f sḏm.f
|
3 f sgl
| wnn.s sḏm.s
|
1 dual
| wnn.i sḏm.i
|
2 m dual
| wnn.ky sḏm.ky
|
2 f dual
| wnn.ty sḏm.ty
|
3 m dual
| wnn.fy sḏm.fy
|
3 f dual
| wnn.sy sḏm.sy
|
1 pl
| wnn.n sḏm.n
|
2 pl
| wnn.tn sḏm.tn
|
3 pl
| wnn.sn sḏm.sn
|
References
-
Holthoer, Rostislav.
Muinaisen Egyptin kielioppi.
SES.
Helsinki, 1983.