Etruscan

Conjugate Verbs

Introduction

The Etruscan language was spoken and written by Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western Umbria and northern Latium) and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna (where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls), in Italy. However, Latin superseded Etruscan completely, leaving only a few documents and a few loanwords in Latin (e.g., persona from Etruscan φersu), and some place-names, such as Roma.

The verb

Verbs had an indicative mood and an imperative mood. Tenses were present and past. The past tense had an Active voice and a Passive voice.

• Present active Etruscan uses a verbal root with a zero suffix or -a without distinction to number or person: ar, ar-a, "he, she, we, you, they make."
• Past or preterite active The -ce or -ke suffix to the root produces a third person singular active.
• Past passive The third person past passive is formed with -che.

Sample verb: ar 'to make'

	Present	Past/Preterite
		Active	Passive
Etruscan	ar / ara	arce	arche
Ebglish	he, she, we, you, they make	he made	was made

More Verbs

• ar 'to make',
• mena 'to offer',
• sval 'to live',
• tur 'to give'.

Verblist

• al- -- to give, to offer, to donate
• ala -- to donate
• ar- -- to go, to act, to operate
• ara -- to put, to place, to make
• azaru -- to the gods
• capi -- to take, to hold, to steal, to seize
• caθra -- to purify
• ces- -- to bury
• mul- -- to give
• nuθ- -- to listen to
• suθ- -- to put, to place
• trin -- to say, to invoke, to utter
• zin- -- to make, to create

Notes

• Old Italic notes

References

• Bonfante, Giuliano et Larissa. The Etruscan language. Manchester University Press. Oxford, 1983.