Manx

Conjugate Verbs

Introduction

The Manx language became extinct during this century as a first language. There are efforts to revive it. Second language for 200-300 who have mainly learned it as adults. Used for some public functions. It was supplanted by Manx Vernacular English, which in turn is now being supplanted by other varieties of English.

The Verb

The Manx verb is conjugated in the following:

• Voices: active, passive.
• Moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive.
• Tenses: present, preterite (simple past), imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, future, future perfect (rare), conditional, past conditional.
• Numbers: singular, plural.
• Persons: 1st, 2nd, 3rd (masculine, feminine)
• Non-finite forms: verbal noun, past participle

The verbal stem is identical to the imperative singular.

Verbs generally form their finite forms by means of periphrasis: inflected forms of the auxiliary verb ve (‘to be’) or jannoo (‘to do’) are combined with the verbal noun of the main verb. Only the future, preterite, conditional, and imperative can be formed directly by inflecting the main verb, though periphrastic forms are preferred.

The future and conditional tenses (and in some irregular verbs, the preterite) make a distinction between "independent" and "dependent" forms. Independent forms are used when the verb is not preceded by any particle; dependent forms are used when a particle (e.g. cha "not") does precede the verb.

Manx doesn't have an infinitive. Its role is supplied by the verbal noun which is formed by adding a suffix to the verb stem, like -ey, -aghey and others. The verbal noun plays an essential role in conjugation and, can also express purpose and be part of impersonal or passive constructions.

Verblist

aa-aase, aa-aght, aa-arm, aa-assphurtee, aachaarjee, aachass, aacheau, aacheimnee, aaçhent, aacherree, aachiadd, aachiangle, aachiartee, aachionnee, aachlann, aachlasht, aachliaght, aachlist, aachloan, aachloie, aachlou, aachluinn, aachoard, aachoip, aachoodee, aachooinee, aachoont, aachouyr, aachreck, aachroo, aachruinnee, aachuirr, aachuirr lesh biljyn, aachum, aachur, aachur er boayrd, aachur magh, aachur-seose, aa-eaisht, aa-eeck, aa-enmys, aa-eysht, aafaillee, aafeysht, aafill, aafoad, aaghaah, aaghaelgee, aagherr, aaghien, aaghlack, aaghlen, aaghooble, aaghooin, aaghooisht, aaghoon, aaghreaght, aaghreesee, aaght, aaghtee, aahaggil, aahaghyr, aa-hayrn, aahayrn, aaheean, aaheel, aaheiy, aahickyree, aahilg, aahiow, aahirr, aahoshee, aahrog, aahuitt, aa-insh, aalettyree, aalhaih, aalheim, aalhieen, aaline, aaloayr, aalught, aaniartee, aanoagh, aa-oanluck, aa-oardee, aa-oshil, aapheint, aaphlaastree, aaphoint, aaphoos, aaphrent, aaraa, aareagh, aareayrt, aareih, aareir, aarheynn, aarlee, aaronsee, aascellee, aascreeu, aase, aasmooinee, aavaih, aavannee, aavenn, aavioee, aavolg, aavooadee, aawhaal, aayarrooee, aayean, aayeeill, aayeshee, aayesheenee, aayiar, aayioold, aa-ymmyrk magh, abbyr, accan, agglee, amylt, anchoodee, ard-cheimnee, ardveeinee, ard-voyl, arm, arree, assphurtee, baase y gheddyn, bagh, bannee, basht, beagh, behr, beihll, bioee, bioyree, bluckanee, boallee, bochil, bred, bree, brie, brish, broaçh, broie, brynneragh, bun-ronsee, bun-towshanee, caddil, cagg, caghlaa, caign, cam, cammee, ceaghil, ceau, çhaggil, çhent, çherraghtyn, çhionn, çhionnraa, çhiow, çhymnee, çhymsee, çhyndaa, clann, clasht, cleayn, cluin, coad, coagyr, coamree, co-chass, co-cheaghil, co-cheimnee, cochiangle, cochiartee, co-chleayn, co-choad, co-choard, co-choe, cochorpee, co-chruinnee, co-chum, co-earroo, co-eignee, co-ennee, cogheirr, cogherjaghey, coghlass, co-ghleck, co-ghleiy, co-ghloo, coghrees, co-haah, cohaggloo, cohaghyn, cohaghyr, coheeyn, co-hiauill, cohionn, cohirr, co-hiu, co-hoie, cohoilshee, co-hooyl, co-hoyrt, cohuitt, co-hym, co-leayst, colheie, colhiant, coloayr, co-niartee, co-niem, co-oardee, co-obbree, coodee, cooilleen, cooinee, coonyr, co-oolee, co-reggyr, co-reih, co-rheynn, co-screeu, co-seiy, co-smooinee, co-soie, co-streeu, costrep, co-unnanee, co-ushtee, co-veagh, covenn, covest, covial, co-voir, covuill, co-whingee, co-yarrooee, co-ymmyrk, coyrlee, craa, craisht, creck, cred, creid, creoi, crogh, croo, crosh, croym, cryss, cubbyl, cuirr, cullyr, cum, cumree, cur, cur ayns kishtey, cur ayns pryssoon, cur er boayrd, cur mysh, daah, daunse, dein, dell, dobberan, dolt, doltee, doo, dooin, dooisht, doon, draght, eaisht, ee, eeck, eh y ve er, enmys, entreil, faag, faast, faik, faill, fann, feayree, fee, fend, fenee, fiogh, foad, focklee, fo-eagree, fo-hoie, fo-lhie, folmee, fo-screeu, foshil, fo-vroie, fow, fow magh, fow marish, fo-yial, freggyr, fuaill, fuinn, gaal-vroie, gear, gial, giallee, giar, gien, gioot, glass, gleash, glen, gloas, gloyr, gormee, gorrymee, gow, graih y ve ec er, grees, greigh, gurn, hed, hie, imman, immee, injillee, insh, irree, iu, jaagh, jarg, jarrood, jarrooee, jean, jean shliawin, jeeagh, jerk, keck, keimnee, kerree, kiangle, kiare, kiartee, kiaull, kionnee, kiunee, laad, labree, laccal, leih, lettyree, lhaih, lheegh, lheie, lhiant, lhie, lhoob, lieh-vroie, livrey, loayr, losht, low, lught, meechoard, mee-lettyr, meelhaih, meelow, meephreiseil, meephrios, meephrise, mill, moll, mooadee, moogh, moon, moyl, neuchiangle, neuchliaght, neuchoamree, neuchoard, neuchosoyl, neuchrosh, neuchryss, neufee, neufill, neughaa, neughloas, neughreigh, neuhaagh, neuhiyree, neulaad, neulheiltee, neulhig, neulow, neulught, neunhee, neuoltee, neupheesh, neureagh, neureggyrt, neurio, neuskiogh, neuvioyree, neuyunt, niee, noi-oardee, oainjeree, oanluck, oard, oardee, obb, obbree, paag, pagg, plaastree, point, poose, preaçh, prios, pryssoonee, raad, ragh, reihys, rey y gheddyn rish, rheynn, rink, rio, ro-hiow, roie, roie-hoie, ronsee, roost, rosh, rub, rug, sannish, scolt, screeb, screeu, sharmanee, shass, sheel, sheeyn, shelg, shiauill, shirg, shirr, shooyl, siyree, skeab, skeayl, slaanee, sloat, slug, smarr, smooinee, snaue, sneeu, soar, soie, soilshee, sollee, sonnish, soo, soylee, speeid, speein, speiy, spoiy, strep, stroie, stroo, sunt, sur-hiow, symn, taal, taghyr, tar, tar er-ash, tar lesh, tar ny quail, tayrn, teih, teiy, theinniu, toghtan, toig, toill, toshee, towl, traast, traaue, traie, tree-rheynn, trein, troailt, trog, trooid, tuck, tuitt, uillinee, ushtee, valse, vulcaanee, walk, whaal, yl-ree, ym-lanee, ym-loayr, ymmyd, ymmyrk, ym-obbree, ym-skeayl, yn-fill, yn-heel, ynsee.

References

• Broderick, George. A handbook of late spoken Manx. Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie; Bd.3. Tübingen, 1984.