Medumba

Introduction

Medumba is a Grassfields language of Cameroon. The people who speak it originate from the Nde division of the West Region of the country, with their main settlements in Bangangté, Bakong, Bangoulap, Bahouoc, Bagnoun and Tonga. It is a major Bamileke language, and is located in an area where sacred kingship played a pivotal role in government, justice, and diplomacy. The modern history of the Bamileke area, which was a German colony placed under French trusteeship by the League of Nations in 1919, is closely associated with the nationalist movement of the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), which developed primarily in the coastal hinterland (Bassa) and the western highlands (Bamileke). From 1956 to the late 1960s, this area of Cameroon experienced a period of unrest; this episode continues to shape Bamileke political culture, and has an impact on language identity and the linguistic landscape.

The Medumba Verb

Verblist

[+n][+xp1]ba, [+n][+xp1]bǎʼ nkab, [+n][+xp1]bagdə, [+n][+xp1]bàgə, [+n][+xp1]bàgtə̌, [+n][+xp1]bàgtə̌ màd, [+n][+xp1]bǎm nǔm, [+n][+xp1]bamə, [+n][+xp1]bɑnə, [+n][+xp1]batə, [+n][+xp1]bàtə̌, [+n][+xp1]bàtə̌ dʉʼ, [+n][+xp1]be, [+n][+xp1]bəʼə, [+n][+xp1]bɛd nbwogə, [+n][+xp1]bɛdtə, [+n][+xp1]bɛ̂dtə, [+n][+xp1]bɛdtə nǔ, [+n][+xp1]bɛnə, [+n][+xp1]biag tɔ, [+n][+xp1]biagə, [+n][+xp1]bilə, [+n][+xp1]bìʼtə̌, [+n][+xp1]bolə, [+n][+xp1]bʉ, [+n][+xp1]bʉ̂, [+n][+xp1]buʼ mbu, [+n][+xp1]buʼ tom, [+n][+xp1]bumə, [+n][+xp1]bʉ̀ntə̌, [+n][+xp1]bʉ̂ntə, [+n][+xp1]buʼu, [+n][+xp1]bʉʼʉ, [+n][+xp1]bwɔ̀, [+n][+xp1]bwɔ̌, [+n][+xp1]bwogə, [+n][+xp1]bwogtə, [+n][+xp1]bwonə, [+n][+xp1]bwʉ̀ntə̌, [+n][+xp1]cǎb ncù, [+n][+xp1]cagə, [+n][+xp1]càgtə̌, [+n][+xp1]cǎm kù, [+n][+xp1]càmə, [+n][+xp1]cɑmə, [+n][+xp1]cɑŋə, [+n][+xp1]càʼtə̌, [+n][+xp1]càʼtə̌ nsi, [+n][+xp1]cilə, [+n][+xp1]co, [+n][+xp1]co nshunə, [+n][+xp1]côb, [+n][+xp1]cobə, [+n][+xp1]cobtə, [+n][+xp1]cǒm zwì, [+n][+xp1]còŋə, [+n][+xp1]coʼo, [+n][+xp1]cʉǎ, [+n][+xp1]cʉɑ̌, [+n][+xp1]cʉàtə̌, [+n][+xp1]cʉbə, [+n][+xp1]cwitə, [+n][+xp1]diɑgə, [+n][+xp1]dʉ, [+n][+xp1]dʉ̂, [+n][+xp1]dʉʼdə, [+n][+xp1]dùmdə̌, [+n][+xp1]dunə, [+n][+xp1]dʉʼʉ, [+n][+xp1]fɑ, [+n][+xp1]fɑ̂, [+n][+xp1]fɑ cû, [+n][+xp1]fɑ məbâm, [+n][+xp1]fɑ ngɑn, [+n][+xp1]fɑ nkɑk, [+n][+xp1]fɑ ntag, [+n][+xp1]faʼa, [+n][+xp1]fàʼa, [+n][+xp1]fagə, [+n][+xp1]fàgə, [+n][+xp1]fɑ̌n nzə̀, [+n][+xp1]fə, [+n][+xp1]fə̀mə, [+n][+xp1]fɛd nsɔ, [+n][+xp1]fɛ̀dtə̌, [+n][+xp1]fɛlə, [+n][+xp1]fìʼi, [+n][+xp1]finə, [+n][+xp1]fitə, [+n][+xp1]fǒn, [+n][+xp1]fonə, [+n][+xp1]fotə, [+n][+xp1]fu, [+n][+xp1]fʉ̌, [+n][+xp1]fʉlə, [+n][+xp1]fʉ̌n mbǎʼnzwə, [+n][+xp1]fʉ̀nə, [+n][+xp1]futə, [+n][+xp1]gha, [+n][+xp1]ghaʼa, [+n][+xp1]ghàbə, [+n][+xp1]ghə̌, [+n][+xp1]ghə̀dnǐ, [+n][+xp1]ghoaʼa, [+n][+xp1]ghomə, [+n][+xp1]ghònə, [+n][+xp1]ghoʼo, [+n][+xp1]ghoʼo mbâbmbab, [+n][+xp1]ghʉ̌, [+n][+xp1]ghʉ̀ kàʼ, [+n][+xp1]ghubtə, [+n][+xp1]ghubtə yɑmə, [+n][+xp1]ghùdnǐ, [+n][+xp1]jʉ, [+n][+xp1]jʉ bìn, [+n][+xp1]jun, [+n][+xp1]jun tàʼ, [+n][+xp1]junə, [+n][+xp1]juʼu, [+n][+xp1]kabtə, [+n][+xp1]kǎg tùn, [+n][+xp1]kàgə, [+n][+xp1]kǎm ncà, [+n][+xp1]kaŋə, [+n][+xp1]kàŋtə̌, [+n][+xp1]katə, [+n][+xp1]kɔ̌, [+n][+xp1]kəb nka, [+n][+xp1]kəb ntsiʼ, [+n][+xp1]kəbə, [+n][+xp1]kəbtə, [+n][+xp1]kə̌d lɛ̀d, [+n][+xp1]keʼe, [+n][+xp1]kemə, [+n][+xp1]kə̀ʼtə̌, [+n][+xp1]kǐ, [+n][+xp1]kǐ ŋwàʼnì, [+n][+xp1]kǐ sə̂və̀, [+n][+xp1]kiɑ̀gə, [+n][+xp1]kìtə̌, [+n][+xp1]kogə, [+n][+xp1]kòmə, [+n][+xp1]koʼo, [+n][+xp1]kʉ̌, [+n][+xp1]kǔʼ, [+n][+xp1]kʉ̌ ndə, [+n][+xp1]kuǎ, [+n][+xp1]kuàʼa, [+n][+xp1]kud, [+n][+xp1]kʉd, [+n][+xp1]kud tǔn, [+n][+xp1]kulə, [+n][+xp1]kǔm, [+n][+xp1]kùmə, [+n][+xp1]kʉmtə, [+n][+xp1]kune dʉʼ, [+n][+xp1]kùʼnǐ, [+n][+xp1]kʉʼtə, [+n][+xp1]kùʼu, [+n][+xp1]kwǎ, [+n][+xp1]kwagə, [+n][+xp1]kwatə̌, [+n][+xp1]kwàtə, [+n][+xp1]kwàtə̀, [+n][+xp1]kwàtə̌, [+n][+xp1]kwe, [+n][+xp1]kwǐʼ fùʼ, [+n][+xp1]kwimtə, [+n][+xp1]kwitə, [+n][+xp1]kwʉ, [+n][+xp1]kwʉlə, [+n][+xp1]lǎ, [+n][+xp1]lǎ ntsə, [+n][+xp1]laʼa, [+n][+xp1]làʼa, [+n][+xp1]làbə, [+n][+xp1]lɑ̀btə̌, [+n][+xp1]lagtə̌, [+n][+xp1]làgtə̌, [+n][+xp1]làgtə̀ mfɑ, [+n][+xp1]lɑ̀mə, [+n][+xp1]lɑntə, [+n][+xp1]làŋtə̌, [+n][+xp1]làʼtə̌, [+n][+xp1]lɔtə, [+n][+xp1]lə̌, [+n][+xp1]ləʼə, [+n][+xp1]lɛ̀lɛ, [+n][+xp1]lɛnə, [+n][+xp1]lɛ̀nə, [+n][+xp1]lǐʼ nkɑb, [+n][+xp1]liʼi, [+n][+xp1]lô, [+n][+xp1]lǒ, [+n][+xp1]lòʼ, [+n][+xp1]lǒʼ, [+n][+xp1]lòʼ mbwə̀, [+n][+xp1]lǒʼ mɛ̀n, [+n][+xp1]lòʼ ngʉ̂, [+n][+xp1]lodə, [+n][+xp1]lonə, [+n][+xp1]lòʼo, [+n][+xp1]màʼ ca, [+n][+xp1]mǎʼ ca, [+n][+xp1]mǎʼ miɑg, [+n][+xp1]mâʼ ncò, [+n][+xp1]màʼ ncʉâ, [+n][+xp1]mǎʼ nzwə, [+n][+xp1]maʼa, [+n][+xp1]màʼa, [+n][+xp1]mbâtə, [+n][+xp1]mbɛdtə̂, [+n][+xp1]mbɛ̀n nabtə, [+n][+xp1]mbɛ̀n siaŋə, [+n][+xp1]mbɛ̀n yɑ̂gə, [+n][+xp1]mbolə, [+n][+xp1]mbwə, [+n][+xp1]məm ncù, [+n][+xp1]mfɑ, [+n][+xp1]mǐ, [+n][+xp1]miɑg nə̀̀, [+n][+xp1]miàgtə̌, [+n][+xp1]miɑ̀gtə̌, [+n][+xp1]miɑ̂gtə, [+n][+xp1]mǒ, [+n][+xp1]na, [+n][+xp1]na mbɑ̀ncobə, [+n][+xp1]naʼ ngube, [+n][+xp1]na nù, [+n][+xp1]nàbə, [+n][+xp1]nàbtə̌, [+n][+xp1]nɑ̀btə̌, [+n][+xp1]nɑ̂btə̌, [+n][+xp1]ndǎ tû, [+n][+xp1]ndɔtə, [+n][+xp1]ndôʼ, [+n][+xp1]ndʉ̀mtə̌, [+n][+xp1]nə sitə, [+n][+xp1]nə̀ tsinə, [+n][+xp1]nɛ̌n, [+n][+xp1]nɛ̌n katə̀, [+n][+xp1]nɛ̌n mbwə̀, [+n][+xp1]nɛnə, [+n][+xp1]nɛ̀nə, [+n][+xp1]nɛ̂nə, [+n][+xp1]njən, [+n][+xp1]njənə, [+n][+xp1]njunə, [+n][+xp1]nkâg, [+n][+xp1]nkɔ̂, [+n][+xp1]nkǐ, [+n][+xp1]nkitə, [+n][+xp1]nsɔ̂, [+n][+xp1]nsô, [+n][+xp1]ntɑ, [+n][+xp1]ntam, [+n][+xp1]ntsiâŋ, [+n][+xp1]ntsiaŋə, [+n][+xp1]ntum, [+n][+xp1]ntα, [+n][+xp1]nu, [+n][+xp1]nu nə̀bàʼ, [+n][+xp1]nu ngʉə̀, [+n][+xp1]nyɑ̀m nə̀nà, [+n][+xp1]nyàŋə, [+n][+xp1]nyi, [+n][+xp1]nyǔʼ ntsə, [+n][+xp1]nyuʼu, [+n][+xp1]ŋat nyɑmdiaŋ, [+n][+xp1]ŋuʼu, [+n][+xp1]ŋwa dʉʼ, [+n][+xp1]ŋwatə dʉʼ, [+n][+xp1]sǎ, [+n][+xp1]sǎ Ncobnsi, [+n][+xp1]sɔ̌, [+n][+xp1]sɔ̌ nkɑb, [+n][+xp1]səʼ, [+n][+xp1]sə̀ʼ, [+n][+xp1]sə̂ʼ, [+n][+xp1]sə̌ʼ, [+n][+xp1]səʼə, [+n][+xp1]sə̀ʼə, [+n][+xp1]shəʼə, [+n][+xp1]shə̀ʼə, [+n][+xp1]shʉbə, [+n][+xp1]shud ncù, [+n][+xp1]siaŋə, [+n][+xp1]so, [+n][+xp1]sô, [+n][+xp1]sǒ, [+n][+xp1]sǒ nkətoʼo, [+n][+xp1]sògə, [+n][+xp1]sôŋ, [+n][+xp1]soŋ cɔ̀, [+n][+xp1]soŋə, [+n][+xp1]sǔ, [+n][+xp1]sùbə, [+n][+xp1]swatə ncobə, [+n][+xp1]swɛn, [+n][+xp1]swɛ̂n, [+n][+xp1]swɛ̌n, [+n][+xp1]swɛnə, [+n][+xp1]swɛ̀nə, [+n][+xp1]ta, [+n][+xp1]tâ ncù, [+n][+xp1]tɑ nkʉd, [+n][+xp1]taʼa, [+n][+xp1]tadtə, [+n][+xp1]tam ntsə, [+n][+xp1]tamə, [+n][+xp1]tamtə̌, [+n][+xp1]tàmtə̌, [+n][+xp1]taŋə, [+n][+xp1]tàŋə, [+n][+xp1]tɔ, [+n][+xp1]tɔ̌, [+n][+xp1]tɔ fin, [+n][+xp1]tɔ kɑb, [+n][+xp1]tɔ ndɔ, [+n][+xp1]tə, [+n][+xp1]tə̂, [+n][+xp1]tə bu, [+n][+xp1]tə mfìʼ, [+n][+xp1]tə ndʉ̀, [+n][+xp1]tə nsi, [+n][+xp1]tə ntɑnə, [+n][+xp1]tə nǔ, [+n][+xp1]tə tǔn, [+n][+xp1]tɛnə, [+n][+xp1]to, [+n][+xp1]tòʼ, [+n][+xp1]tǒʼ, [+n][+xp1]tog, [+n][+xp1]tôg, [+n][+xp1]Tôg, [+n][+xp1]tǒg ntsi, [+n][+xp1]togə, [+n][+xp1]tǒn ndem, [+n][+xp1]tonə, [+n][+xp1]toŋə, [+n][+xp1]toʼo, [+n][+xp1]toʼtə, [+n][+xp1]troc’hañ, [+n][+xp1]tsaʼtə, [+n][+xp1]tsiagə, [+n][+xp1]tsiàgə, [+n][+xp1]tsiaŋe, [+n][+xp1]tsiaŋə, [+n][+xp1]tsiàŋtə̌, [+n][+xp1]tsin nka, [+n][+xp1]tsinə, [+n][+xp1]tsìntə̌, [+n][+xp1]tswaʼa, [+n][+xp1]tswàʼtə̌, [+n][+xp1]tswə, [+n][+xp1]tswə̂, [+n][+xp1]tswit nkʉn, [+n][+xp1]tswìtə̌, [+n][+xp1]tʉ̂ʼ, [+n][+xp1]tum, [+n][+xp1]tumə, [+n][+xp1]tʉntə, [+n][+xp1]tuʼu, [+n][+xp1]twiagə, [+n][+xp1]unaniñ, [+n][+xp1]vɛ̀dtə̌, [+n][+xp1]vʉ̌, [+n][+xp1]vʉlə, [+n][+xp1]wǎd kə̀lɔ̀, [+n][+xp1]wàlə, [+n][+xp1]weʼe, [+n][+xp1]ya ntʉ, [+n][+xp1]yaʼa, [+n][+xp1]yɑ̂b, [+n][+xp1]yɑbə, [+n][+xp1]yagə, [+n][+xp1]yɑ̀gə, [+n][+xp1]yàtə̌, [+n][+xp1]yɔ̀gə, [+n][+xp1]yən, [+n][+xp1]yən ngəʼ, [+n][+xp1]yənə, [+n][+xp1]yǒg mə̀n, [+n][+xp1]yog nyàm, [+n][+xp1]yogə, [+n][+xp1]yùbə, [+n][+xp1]ywɛlə, [+n][+xp1]ywìlə, [+n][+xp1]ywimtə̌, [+n][+xp1]ywìmtə̌, [+n][+xp1]zi, [+n][+xp1]ziʼ, [+n][+xp1]zi dʉ̀m, [+n][+xp1]ziʼi, [+n][+xp1]zǐn, [+n][+xp1]zìnə, [+n][+xp1]ziʼtə, [+n][+xp1]ziʼtə̀, [+n][+xp1]zwi, [+n][+xp1]zwǐ, [+n][+xp1]zwiàgə, [+n][+xp1]zwiʼtə, [+n]baʼa, [+n]bàgtə̌, [+n]bə, [+n]bwə, [+n]cobə, [+n]fàʼa, [+n]fìʼi, [+n]ghʉ̌, [+n]jʉ bìn, [+n]kǎ, [+n]kəb ndʉ, [+n]kə̀lə, [+n]kùʼnǐ, [+n]kwìʼtə̌, [+n]ndiàgə, [+n]ntâmtə, [+n]shʉ̌, [+n]sìbə, [+n]tɑbtə̌, [+n]tagə, [+n]tàmtə̌, [+n]toʼtə, [+n]yabə, ba, bǎʼ nkab, baʼa, bagdə, bàgə, bàgtə̌, bàgtə̌ màd, bǎm nǔm, bamə, bɑnə, batə, bàtə̌, bàtə̌ dʉʼ, be, bə, bəʼə, bɛd nbwogə, bɛdtə, bɛ̂dtə, bɛdtə nǔ, bɛnə, biag tɔ, biagə, bilə, bìʼtə̌, bolə, bʉ, bʉ̂, buʼ mbu, buʼ tom, bumə, bʉ̀ntə̌, bʉ̂ntə, buʼu, bʉʼʉ, bwɔ̀, bwɔ̌, bwə, bwogə, bwogtə, bwonə, bwʉ̀ntə̌, cǎb ncù, cagə, càgtə̌, cǎm kù, càmə, cɑmə, cɑŋə, càʼtə̌, càʼtə̌ nsi, cilə, co, co nshunə, côb, cobə, cobtə, cǒm zwì, còŋə, coʼo, cʉǎ, cʉɑ̌, cʉàtə̌, cʉbə, cwitə, diɑgə, dʉ, dʉ̂, dʉʼdə, dùmdə̌, dunə, dʉʼʉ, fɑ, fɑ̂, fɑ cû, fɑ məbâm, fɑ ngɑn, fɑ nkɑk, fɑ ntag, faʼa, fàʼa, fagə, fàgə, fɑ̌n nzə̀, fə, fə̀mə, fɛd nsɔ, fɛ̀dtə̌, fɛlə, fìʼi, finə, fitə, fǒn, fonə, fotə, fu, fʉ̌, fʉlə, fʉ̌n mbǎʼnzwə, fʉ̀nə, futə, gha, ghaʼa, ghàbə, ghə̌, ghə̀dnǐ, ghoaʼa, ghomə, ghònə, ghoʼo, ghoʼo mbâbmbab, ghʉ̌, ghʉ̀ kàʼ, ghubtə, ghubtə yɑmə, ghùdnǐ, jʉ, jʉ bìn, jun, jun tàʼ, junə, juʼu, kǎ, kabtə, kǎg tùn, kàgə, kǎm ncà, kaŋə, kàŋtə̌, katə, kɔ̌, kəb ndʉ, kəb nka, kəb ntsiʼ, kəbə, kəbtə, kə̌d lɛ̀d, keʼe, kə̀lə, kemə, kə̀ʼtə̌, kǐ, kǐ ŋwàʼnì, kǐ sə̂və̀, kiɑ̀gə, kìtə̌, kogə, kòmə, koʼo, kʉ̌, kǔʼ, kʉ̌ ndə, kuǎ, kuàʼa, kud, kʉd, kud tǔn, kulə, kǔm, kùmə, kʉmtə, kune dʉʼ, kùʼnǐ, kʉʼtə, kùʼu, kwǎ, kwagə, kwatə̌, kwàtə, kwàtə̀, kwàtə̌, kwe, kwǐʼ fùʼ, kwimtə, kwitə, kwìʼtə̌, kwʉ, kwʉlə, lǎ, lǎ ntsə, laʼa, làʼa, làbə, lɑ̀btə̌, lagtə̌, làgtə̌, làgtə̀ mfɑ, lɑ̀mə, lɑntə, làŋtə̌, làʼtə̌, lɔtə, lə̌, ləʼə, lɛ̀lɛ, lɛnə, lɛ̀nə, lǐʼ nkɑb, liʼi, lô, lǒ, lòʼ, lǒʼ, lòʼ mbwə̀, lǒʼ mɛ̀n, lòʼ ngʉ̂, lodə, lonə, lòʼo, màʼ ca, mǎʼ ca, mǎʼ miɑg, mâʼ ncò, màʼ ncʉâ, mǎʼ nzwə, maʼa, màʼa, mbâtə, mbɛdtə̂, mbɛ̀n nabtə, mbɛ̀n siaŋə, mbɛ̀n yɑ̂gə, mbolə, mbwə, məm ncù, mfɑ, mǐ, miɑg nə̀̀, miàgtə̌, miɑ̀gtə̌, miɑ̂gtə, mǒ, na, na mbɑ̀ncobə, naʼ ngube, na nù, nàbə, nàbtə̌, nɑ̀btə̌, nɑ̂btə̌, ncʉâ, ndǎ tû, ndɔtə, ndiàgə, ndôʼ, ndʉ̀mtə̌, nə sitə, nə̀ tsinə, nɛ̌n, nɛ̌n katə̀, nɛ̌n mbwə̀, nɛnə, nɛ̀nə, nɛ̂nə, njən, njənə, njunə, nkâg, nkɔ̂, nkǐ, nkitə, nsɔ̂, nsô, ntɑ, ntam, ntâmtə, ntsiâŋ, ntsiaŋə, ntum, ntα, nu, nu nə̀bàʼ, nu ngʉə̀, nyɑ̀m nə̀nà, nyàŋə, nyi, nyǔʼ ntsə, nyuʼu, ŋat nyɑmdiaŋ, ŋuʼu, ŋwa dʉʼ, ŋwatə dʉʼ, sǎ, sǎ Ncobnsi, sɔ̌, sɔ̌ nkɑb, səʼ, sə̀ʼ, sə̂ʼ, sə̌ʼ, səʼə, sə̀ʼə, shəʼə, shə̀ʼə, shʉ̌, shʉbə, shud ncù, siaŋə, sìbə, so, sô, sǒ, sǒ nkətoʼo, sògə, sôŋ, soŋ cɔ̀, soŋə, sǔ, sùbə, swatə ncobə, swɛn, swɛ̂n, swɛ̌n, swɛnə, swɛ̀nə, ta, tâ ncù, tɑ nkʉd, taʼa, tɑbtə̌, tadtə, tagə, tam ntsə, tamə, tamtə̌, tàmtə̌, taŋə, tàŋə, tɔ, tɔ̌, tɔ fin, tɔ kɑb, tɔ ndɔ, tə, tə̂, tə bu, tə mfìʼ, tə ndʉ̀, tə nsi, tə ntɑnə, tə nǔ, tə tǔn, tɛnə, to, tòʼ, tǒʼ, tog, tôg, Tôg, tǒg ntsi, togə, tǒn ndem, tonə, toŋə, toʼo, toʼtə, troc’hañ, tsaʼtə, tsiagə, tsiàgə, tsiaŋe, tsiaŋə, tsiàŋtə̌, tsin nka, tsinə, tsìntə̌, tswaʼa, tswàʼtə̌, tswə, tswə̂, tswit nkʉn, tswìtə̌, tʉ̂ʼ, tum, tumə, tʉntə, tuʼu, twiagə, unaniñ, vɛ̀dtə̌, vʉ̌, vʉlə, wǎd kə̀lɔ̀, wàlə, weʼe, ya ntʉ, yaʼa, yɑ̂b, yabə, yɑbə, yagə, yɑ̀gə, yàtə̌, yɔ̀gə, yən, yən ngəʼ, yənə, yǒg mə̀n, yog nyàm, yogə, yùbə, ywɛlə, ywìlə, ywimtə̌, ywìmtə̌, zi, ziʼ, zi dʉ̀m, ziʼi, zǐn, zìnə, ziʼtə, ziʼtə̀, zwi, zwǐ, zwiàgə, zwiʼtə.