Old Welsh
Facts
- Language: Old Welsh
- Alternate names:
- Language code: owl
- Language family: Indo-European, Classical Indo-European, Celtic, Nuclear Celtic, TGB Celtic, Insular Celtic, Brythonic, Old-Modern Welsh
- Number of speakers: Extinct
- Script: Latin script
More information:
Introduction
Old Welsh is the stage of the Welsh language from about 800 AD until the early 12th century when it developed into Middle Welsh. The preceding period, from the time Welsh became distinct from Common Brittonic around 550, has been called "Primitive" or "Archaic Welsh".
The Old Welsh Verb
Verbs inflect for four tenses, present, past, imperfect and pluperfect. The subjunctive mood exists in two paradigms, present and imperfect. There is also an imperative mood.
Sample Verb 'is', to be
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | |
| Sg.3 | is, iu, oi, hois, hoys | hoid, oid | bu | boi, boit | be |
| Pl.3 | hint, int | - | - | - | beinn |
Verblist
| Old Welsh lemma (normalized) | English gloss |
|---|---|
| bod | be, exist |
| cael | have, get |
| gwneud | do, make |
| mynd | go |
| dod | come |
| gwein | give |
| cymer | take |
| gwel | see |
| clyw | hear |
| mynegi | declare, utter |
| llefain | cry, call out |
| siarad | speak |
| galw | call, name |
| gwrthod | refuse |
| canu | sing |
| ysgrif | write |
| darllen | read |
| gwybod | know |
| meddwl | think |
| cofio | remember |
| anghofio | forget |
| gwrando | listen |
| holi | ask |
| ateb | answer |
| yswchu | swear, take an oath |
| helpu | help |
| gweithio | work |
| cysgu | sleep |
| deffro | wake |
| cysidro | sit |
| sefyll | stand |
| gorwedd | lie (recline) |
| bwyta | eat |
| yfed | drink |
| coginio | cook |
| rhedeg | run |
| cerdded | walk |
| neidio | jump |
| treulio | spend (time) |
| cwrdd | meet |
| hosan | sit down / settle |
| gorymdaith | march |
| brwydro | fight |
| lladd | kill |
| hela | hunt |
| ffrwydro | explode |
| rhoi | give |
| talu | pay |
| prynu | buy |
| gwerthu | sell |
| meddu | possess |
| cyflwyno | present, introduce |
| cael gwybod | learn, discover |
| darganfod | find |
| colli | lose |
| codi | raise, lift |
| gostwng | lower |
| dal | hold, catch |
| gafael | seize, grasp |
| plygio | bend, fold |
| torri | break, cut |
| torrho | tear |
| cywasgu | squeeze |
| cael ei dorri | be broken |
| gloi | lock, fasten |
| agor | open |
| cau | close |
| golchi | wash |
| golchi dillad | launder |
| gwisgo | wear, dress |
| rhwygo | tear off |
| gweu | weave |
| gwnïo | sew |
| trin | treat, handle |
| medru | can, be able |
| gorddiofyn | decide, determine |
| ystyried | consider |
| cyfeirio | direct, refer |
| ffordd | go by, proceed |
| cerdded dros | cross (walk across) |
| methu | fail, be unable |
| gorffwys | rest |
| goroesi | survive |
| marw | die |
| llifo | bleed |
| losgi | burn |
| tanio | kindle, set on fire |
| horio | drive (cattle/animals) |
| sefyll allan | stand out |
| gwthio | push |
| taro | strike, hit |
| curo | beat |
| trechu | overcome |
| arddangos | show, display |
| amlinellu | outline |
| gorchymyn | order, command |
| gwrthryfel | rebel |
| refeni | reimburse, return (give back) |
| ymdygiad | act, behave |
| cynllunio | plan |
| trwsio | repair |
| adeiladu | build |
| perthi | plough |
| tyfu | grow |
| tynnu | pull |
| pushio | press |
| tyfu llan | sprout |
| rhoi'r gorau | spoil (ruin) |
| adnabod | recognize |
| cyfarfod | encounter |
| rhannu | share, divide |
| oneiddio | unite |
| gwasgaru | scatter |
| ffurfio | form, shape |
| tynnu at | approach |
| ymosod | attack |
| amddiffyn | defend |
| dianc | flee |
| arwain | lead |
| gadael | leave |
| arbed | save, spare |
| mwgwdio | cover |
| darparu | provide |
| creu | create |
| cwblhau | finish |
| cychwyn | begin |
| gorffen | end, complete |
| trydar | test, try |
| profi | prove, test |
| myfyrio | ponder |
| archwilio | examine, inspect |
| sylwi | notice |
| canfod | detect, discover |
| golygu | edit |
| ceisio | attempt |
| mynnu | want, demand |
| gofyn | request |
| cymeradwyo | approve |
| porth | carry, bear |
Verblist
- erchim
- is