Rukai

Introduction

Rukai is a language of Taiwan. It is spoken in South central mountains, Ping Tung area, 11 villages; Taitung area, 2 or 3 villages; west of the Puyuma (See: Puyuma).

Dialects

Budai, Labuan, Maga, Mantauran, Tanan, Tona. Mantauran, Tona, and Maga dialects are divergent.

The Rukai Verb

Verblist

• alu
• tinono
• twapwi

• abrakɨ, ʔabaakə, ʔovaɭakə, mwabaɭakə -- to swell
• akuluɖu, ʔakoloɖo, mok'lə́d', mokoloɖo, okoloðo -- to fear
• aŋirŋiri, ʔaŋii, macacava, macacawáʔ, maʔomao, mwaɭakay -- to laugh
• aŋparci, ʔinipaɭici, maliuliús, waʔaɭici, wapaɭici, wapaici -- to turn
• apaʔiiðəəðəðəmə, apakɖeɖɖəmə, kiarəm'rə́m', kiɖəməɖəmə, pakiɖeɖəɖəmə -- to think
• apbaka, ʔaovaovaha, ʔapobaka, kawárevaʔ, kawariva, kawriva -- to say
• kialaɭa, kialaláʔ, kyalaɭa, osialaɭa, ubicrŋi, wabiciiŋi -- to hear
• kiaʔipa, kiupupaa, kooʔa, koopa, okoʔopa -- to steal
• ma:laʔáʔ, oɭoho, oəcəŋə, ulcɨŋɨ, waəcəŋə, waləcənə -- to hold
• maciɭi, mapipi, mulili, mwaciɭi, mwalii -- to fall
• mainəakə, mananiakə, manianiák', manianiakə, maninɨɨkɨ -- to breathe
• maliliŋái, maoɖipi, moðipi, moɖipi, muɖipi, uɖuʔi -- to live, be alive
• maoʔovo, masaswabə, masswəbɨ, maswaswabə -- to yawn
• maʔətə, mamodo, mamudu, opacai, waʔacái, waʔacay, wapacay -- to die, be dead
• moɖaɖaða, moɭahaɭə, morgarɨ, mwagaə, wakaapa -- to climb
• moləbə, mwaələbə, oʔələvə, ualɨbɨ, waʔələbə -- to open, uncover
• moʔarór, moloðo, moluɖu, mwaloɖo -- to flow
• oaloʔo, oalopo, ulupu, waalopo, walúp, waloʔo -- to hunt
• oapoʔo, upuu, waapoʔo, waapoo, waʔoo -- to chew
• oaʔəcə, oʔapəcə, sierəkə, syaəaəkə, waapəcə, waʔəcə, wapə́c' -- to sleep
• ocəŋklə, ucŋɨlɨ, wacəʔə́l', wacəələ, wacəŋklə, waɖəələ -- to see
• ocikipi, ucikuu, wacaicaisi, wacaisi, wacikoo -- to sew
• oðaacə, odvacɨ, udadawác', wadavacə -- to walk
• okanə, ukanɨ, wakan', wakanə -- to eat
• okaʔacə, utɨtɨ, wakác', wakaacə, wakaʔacə -- to bite
• okəɭakəɭaŋə, otoovoŋo, siatiiti, sititi, ucbɨnɨ, ustiti, utpisi, wadaməkə, wadokoy, waɭomay, wasasərúr', wasətiti -- to hit
• okorokoro, ukrukru, waloko, waroqóʔ -- to dig
• olaŋay, ulŋee, walaŋay -- to buy
• olaŋoi, ulŋee, walaŋúi, walaŋoy -- to swim
• olaŋopai, udkuru, wadapaŋə, wadokoɭo, wadukúruʔ -- to throw
• oɭihoʔo, urguu, waθiŋalə, waigoʔo, watiŋál' -- to know, be knowledgeable
• opana, opnaa, wabilakác', waʔana, wapana -- to shoot
• opiɭi, uprii, waʔiɭi, wapiɭi, wapii -- to choose
• osəpəsəpə, uθpɨθpɨ, waθəʔəθəʔə, waθəpəθəpə, waqa:nuqanúʔ -- to suck
• osiavə, uθiəbɨ, waθyabə, wati'ábuʔ -- to cut, hack
• osisiʔi, uθitɨi, wagáʔ, wauθitɨi -- to cook
• otobi, utubii, watobí:', watobi -- to cry
• ovoʔoto, ubutu, wa'épiʔ, waboʔoto, waʔipi, waiiʔi, waiipi -- to blow
• oʔavaɭi, usbare, wasabáliʔ, wasabaɭi, wasabai -- to sniff, smell
• oʔipi, usipi, wasiʔi, wasipi -- to dream
• oʔoaðə, pwaota, suaŋalái, ututa, waʔotaa -- to vomit
• oʔoŋolo, uŋulu, waʔoŋolo, waoŋolo, woŋól' -- to drink
• ʈavakə, oraʔavahə, osbakɨ, wacoɭolo, wadər'də́r', warakád', wasabakə -- to stab, pierce
• ʈəkabə, matatibi:', mauvagái, ovocoko, ubcuku, wabocoko -- to split
• usipi, wa:sípiʔ, waasipi, waʔipi, wasiʔi -- to count
• ʔaðiðapaə, ʔaitotomá:ʔ, ʔakamolo, twaɭavay, udɨpɨ, wakaoŋo -- to work
• ʔaniʔalay, ʔaŋia:palái, ʔaŋipalay, ʔinipalai, uθlibi, ŋiapalay -- to fly
• ʔaokay, motaʔaləvə, mukani, niamá', wakə:la, wakəla -- to come
• ʔatawmomoo, ʔosaŋəðaʔa, maaɖaaɖaw, maɖaɖaw, ududru -- to grow
• ʔaʔacay, matəʔətə, matyamodo, papacay, patemdu, wabicaluʔ, wapacai -- to kill
• ʔərəhə, opəʔə, upəə, wagəm'gə́m, wapəʔə, wapəə -- to squeeze
• ʔianunu, innuu, takaynənə, tolohoɭaə, wanənə, watakainə́n' -- to sit
• ʔikaiŋa waʔət' -- to lie down
• ʔoɖoɭi, oɭəðəkə, uduku, wadokoʔo, waɭəɖəkə -- to plant
• ʔogacəgácə, okakaʔo, ugcəgcə, wagacəgacə, wagaθəgaθə -- to scratch
• ʔolovo, kualaʔáub', kwalaobo, selobu, sialaobo -- to burn
• ʔoɭovoʔo, sirbuu, syaɭiboo, syaɭoboo, syaiboʔo -- to pound, beat
• ʔoŋaɭai, swaŋaɭay, usurəkɨ, usŋare, wasoʔaəkə, wasoŋaay, ŋalái -- to spit
• ʔwakərəcə, oəvəhə, pwakərəcə, ubɨkɨ, wa'rə́c', wa'və́g, waəbəkə -- to tie up, fasten
• ʔyadiʔi, iðiʔi, irŋɨdlɨ, wá'iri:, wáidi:', waidi -- to stand