Introduction
The Sino-Tibetan languages form a hypothetical language family composed of, at least, the Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman languages, including some 400 languages of East Asia. They are second only to the Indo-European languages in terms of their number of speakers.
Sino-Tibetan's relationship with other families have been suggested, such as the "Sino-Caucasian" hypothesis by Sergei Starostin, which finds the Yeniseian languages and the Caucasian languages to form a clade with Sino-Tibetan languages. The Sino-Caucasian hypothesis has been expanded by other workers to the "Dené-Caucasian" hypothesis, which also includes Burushaski, Basque, and at least the Na-Dené languages of North America.
Sino-Tibetan languages map
This map shows the geographic distribution of Sino-Tibetan languages
Language Family Tree
Sino-Tibetan- Bodic
- Bodish
- Early Old Tibetan
- Middle Old Tibetan
- Late Old Tibetan
- Central Tibetan
- South-Western Tibetic
- Dolpo-Tichurong
- [dre] Dolpo
- [tcn] Tichurong
- Kyirong-Kagate
- Gyalsumdo-Nubri-Kyirong
- [kte] Gyalsumdo-Nubri
- [kgy] Kyerung
- Yolmo-Kagate
- [syw] Kagate
- [scp] Lamjung-Melamchi Yolmo
- [ttz] Tsum
- Gyalsumdo-Nubri-Kyirong
- Sherpa-Jirel
- Sherpaic
- [nao] Naaba
- [xsr] Solu-Khumbu Sherpa
- [jul] Jirel
- Sherpaic
- [hut] Humla
- [lhm] Lhomi
- [loy] Lowa
- [muk] Mugom
- [ola] Walungge
- Dolpo-Tichurong
- [bod] Tibetan
- South-Western Tibetic
- Eastern Tibetic
- [bqh] Baima
- [cda] Choni
- Zhongu
- Kham-Hor
- [khg] Khams Tibetan
- [tsk] Tseku
- Lahauli-Spiti
- Spiti-Jad
- [jda] Jad
- [spt] Spiti Bhoti
- [nes] Bhoti Kinnauri
- [sbu] Stod Bhoti
- Spiti-Jad
- Southern Tibetic
- Dzongkhic
- Nuclear Dzongkhic
- [dzo] Dzongkha
- [lya] Layakha
- [luk] Lunanakha
- [cgk] Chocangacakha
- [gro] Groma
- [sip] Sikkimese
- Nuclear Dzongkhic
- Unclassified Southern Tibetic
- [kbg] Khamba
- [sgt] Brokpake
- [bro] Dur Brokkat
- [lkh] Lakha
- Dzongkhic
- Central Tibetan
- [adx] Amdo Tibetan
- Late Old Tibetan
- Western Archaic Tibetan
- Kenhatic
- [cna] Changthang
- [lbj] Leh Ladakhi
- [zau] Zangskari
- Shamskatic
- [bft] Balti
- [prx] Purik-Sham-Nubra
- Kenhatic
- [xct] Classical Tibetan
- Middle Old Tibetan
- Tshangla-East Bodish
- East Bodish
- Mainstream East Bodish
- Dakpa-Dzala
- [dka] Dakpakha
- [dzl] Dzalakha
- Phobjib-Chali-Bumthangic
- Chali-Bumthangic
- Bumthangic
- [kjz] Bumthangkha
- [xkf] Khengkha
- [xkz] Kurtokha
- [tgf] Chalikha
- Bumthangic
- [neh] Upper Mangdep
- Chali-Bumthangic
- Dakpa-Dzala
- [ole] Olekha
- Mainstream East Bodish
- Tshanglic
- [kkf] Kalaktang Monpa
- [tsj] Tshangla
- East Bodish
- Unclassified Bodish
- Basum
- Early Old Tibetan
- Kaike-Ghale-Tamangic
- Ghale-Tamangic
- Ghale
- [ght] Kutang Ghale
- [ghh] Northern Ghale
- [ghe] Southern Ghale
- Tamangic
- Gurungic
- Manangba-Nar-Phu
- [nmm] Manange
- [npa] Nar Phu
- Thakali-Chantyal
- [chx] Chantyal
- [ths] Thakali
- [gvr] Gurung
- Manangba-Nar-Phu
- Nuclear Tamang
- [tge] Eastern Gorkha Tamang
- [taj] Eastern Tamang
- [tdg] Western Tamang
- [skj] Seke (Nepal)
- Gurungic
- Ghale
- [kzq] Kaike
- Ghale-Tamangic
- West Himalayish
- Eastern West Himalayish
- Central-Eastern West Himalayish
- Unclassified Central-Eastern West Himalayish
- [xzh] Zhangzhung
- [bfu] Bunan
- [rnp] Rongpo
- [ssk] Sunam
- Unclassified Central-Eastern West Himalayish
- Pithauragarh
- Darma-Byangsi-Chaudangsi
- Darma-Byangsi
- [bee] Byangsi
- [drd] Darma
- [cdn] Chaudangsi
- Darma-Byangsi
- [rgk] Rangkas
- Darma-Byangsi-Chaudangsi
- Central-Eastern West Himalayish
- Western West Himalayish
- Kinnauric
- Thebor
- [jna] Jangshung
- [scu] Shumcho
- [cik] Chitkuli Kinnauri
- [xns] Kanashi
- [kfk] Kinnauri
- Thebor
- Lahaulic
- [lae] Pattani
- [lbf] Tinani
- Kinnauric
- Eastern West Himalayish
- Bodish
- Brahmaputran
- Bodo-Garo
- Boroic
- Dimasa-Kokborok
- Tipperic
- [trp] Kok Borok
- [ria] Riang (India)
- [tpe] Tippera
- [usi] Usui
- [dis] Dimasa
- Tipperic
- Tiwa-Boro
- Bodo-Mech-Kachari
- [brx] Bodo-Mech
- [xac] Kachari
- [lax] Tiwa (India)
- Bodo-Mech-Kachari
- Dimasa-Kokborok
- Kochic
- [aot] Atong (India)
- [kdq] Koch
- [rah] Rabha
- [ruh] Ruga
- [der] Deori
- [grt] Garo
- Boroic
- Jingpho-Luish
- Jingpho
- [sgp] Northern Jinghpaw
- [kac] Southern Jinghpaw
- Luish
- Chakpa-Kadu-Ganan
- Chakpa
- Andro-Sengmai
- Andro
- Sengmai
- Phayeng
- Andro-Sengmai
- [kdv] Kado
- Chakpa
- Unclassified Luish
- [pyx] Burma Pyu
- [tcl] Taman (Myanmar)
- [ckh] Chak
- Chakpa-Kadu-Ganan
- Jingpho
- Konyak
- Konyak I
- Khiamniungic
- Leinong-Makyan
- [lzn] Leinong Naga
- [umn] Makyan Naga
- [kix] Khiamniungan Naga
- Leinong-Makyan
- [nbc] Chang Naga
- [nbe] Konyak Naga
- [nph] Phom Naga
- [nnp] Wancho Naga
- Khiamniungic
- Tangsa-Nocte
- Tangsa
- Muklomic
- Nahenic
- [nst] Pangwa Naga
- Ponthai
- Tikhakic
- [njb] Nocte Naga
- [tvt] Tutsa Naga
- Tangsa
- Konyak I
- Unclassified Brahmaputran
- Chairel
- Bodo-Garo
- Burmo-Qiangic
- Lolo-Burmese
- Burmish
- Northern Burmish
- High Northern Burmish
- Achangic
- Lianghe Achang
- [acn] Longchuan Achang
- Luxi Achang
- Ngochang
- Leqic
- Chashan
- [lsi] Lashi
- [atb] Zaiwa
- Achangic
- Mid Northern Burmish
- [mhx] Maru
- [bxd] Pela
- [hpo] Hpon
- High Northern Burmish
- Southern Burmish
- Nuclear Southern Burmish
- Arakanese-Marma
- [rmz] Marma
- [rki] Rakhine
- Old-Modern Burmese
- [mya] Burmese
- [obr] Old Burmese
- [tvn] Tavoyan
- Arakanese-Marma
- [int] Intha-Danu
- [tco] Taungyo
- Nuclear Southern Burmish
- Northern Burmish
- Loloish
- Hani-Jino
- Bisoid-Hanic
- Bisoid
- Bisu-Pyen-Laomian
- [bzi] Bisu
- [lwm] Laomian
- [pyy] Pyen
- Phunoi-Coong
- [cnc] Côông
- [pho] Phunoi
- Unclassified Bisoid
- Bantang
- Cauho
- [sgk] Sangkong
- Bisu-Pyen-Laomian
- Hanic
- Bi-Ka
- [byo] Biyo
- [enu] Enu
- [ktp] Kaduo
- [mpz] Mpi
- Ha-Ya
- Akhaic
- [aeu] Akeu
- [ahk] Akha
- [ycp] Chepya
- [ymd] Muda
- [hni] Hani
- Akhaic
- [how] Honi
- Bi-Ka
- Sila-Wanya-Cosao
- Cosao
- [slt] Sila
- [phq] Phana'
- Bisoid
- Jino
- [jiy] Buyuan Jinuo
- [jiu] Youle Jinuo
- Bisoid-Hanic
- Lahoid
- [lkc] Kucong
- [lhu] Lahu
- [lhi] Lahu Shi
- Ni-Li-Kazhouish
- Kazhouish
- [kaf] Katso
- Sadu
- [ysd] Samatao
- Lawoish
- Awu
- [lwu] Lawu
- Lisoid
- Lipo-Lolopo
- Lipo-Micha
- [lpo] Lipo
- [yiq] Miqie
- Unclassified Lipo-Lolopo
- [hle] Hlersu
- [ylm] Limi
- [ymh] Mili
- [ycl] Lolopo
- Lipo-Micha
- Nuclear Lisoid
- Lisu-Laluba-Lavu
- Laluba-Lavu
- Kuansi-Kuamasi-Sonaga
- Kuansi-Kuamasi
- [ykn] Kua-nsi
- [yku] Kuamasi
- [ysg] Sonaga
- Kuansi-Kuamasi
- Lalo
- Greater Lalo
- Core Lalo
- Central-Western Lalo
- [ywl] Western Lalu
- [ywt] Xishanba Lalo
- Unclassified Core Lalu
- [yit] Eastern Lalu
- [yik] Dongshanba Lalo
- Central-Western Lalo
- Xuzhang Lalo
- Core Lalo
- Eka
- Southern Lalo
- Yangliu
- Greater Lalo
- [yta] Lavu-Yongsheng-Talu
- Kuansi-Kuamasi-Sonaga
- [lis] Lisu
- Laluba-Lavu
- [ytl] Tanglang-Toloza
- Lisu-Laluba-Lavu
- Unclassified Lisoid
- [llh] Lamu
- [ylo] Naluo Yi
- Samatu
- Lipo-Lolopo
- Southeastern Ngwi
- Axioid
- Sani-Axi-Azhe
- Sani-Axi
- [yix] Axi Yi
- [yiz] Azhe
- [ysn] Sani
- Sani-Axi
- [aza] Azha
- Sani-Axi-Azhe
- Highland Phula
- Muji
- Laghuu-Core Muji
- Thopho-Core Muji
- Core Muji
- Nuclear Core Muji
- Bokha-Phuma
- [ybk] Bokha
- [ypm] Phuma
- Northern-Southern Muji
- [ymx] Northern Muji
- [ymc] Southern Muji
- [ymz] Muzi
- Bokha-Phuma
- [ymq] Qila Muji
- Nuclear Core Muji
- [ytp] Thopho
- Core Muji
- [lgh] Laghuu
- Thopho-Core Muji
- [ymi] Moji
- Laghuu-Core Muji
- Phowa
- Ani-Labo
- [ypn] Ani Phowa
- [ypb] Labo Phowa
- Hlepho-Phukha
- Khlula-Zokhuo
- [ykl] Khlula
- [yzk] Zokhuo
- [yhl] Hlepho Phowa
- [phh] Phukha
- Khlula-Zokhuo
- Ani-Labo
- Muji
- Nisoid
- Nisu-Nyisu
- Nisu
- North Nisu
- [nos] Eastern Nisu
- [yiv] Northern Nisu
- [nsf] Far Northwestern Nisu
- [nsd] Southern Nisu
- North Nisu
- Nyisu
- Nisu
- Nuclear Nisoid
- Nasu-Nosu
- Nesu-Nasu
- Nasu-Gepu
- Unclassified Nasu-Gepu
- [yyz] Ayizi
- [ych] Chesu
- [ygp] Gepo
- [smh] Samei
- [ysy] Sanie
- [ywq] Wuding-Luquan Yi
- Unclassified Nasu-Gepu
- Nesu
- [ywu] Wumeng Nasu
- [yig] Wusa Nasu
- Nasu-Gepu
- [iii] Sichuan Yi
- Nesu-Nasu
- Unclassified Nuclear Nisoid
- [yna] Aluo
- [yiu] Southern Awu (Lope)
- Nasu-Nosu
- Unclassified Nisoid
- [yif] Ache
- Nisu-Nyisu
- Riverine Phula
- Downriver Riverine Phula
- Phupa-Phuza
- [ypp] Phupa
- [ypz] Phuza
- Phupha-Alugu
- [aub] Alugu
- [yph] Phupha
- Phupa-Phuza
- Upriver Riverine Phula
- Pholic
- [ypo] Alo Phola
- [ypg] Phola
- [ypa] Phala
- Pholic
- Downriver Riverine Phula
- Unclassified Southeastern Ngwi
- [yso] Nisi (China)
- Axioid
- Kazhouish
- Nusoish
- [nuf] Nusu
- [zal] Zauzou
- [yip] Pholo
- Hani-Jino
- Mondzish
- Nuclear Mondzish
- Munji-Mantsi
- [nty] Mantsi
- Mondzi
- Maang
- Mango (China)
- Maza
- Muangphe
- Munji-Mantsi
- [ykt] Thou-Kathu
- Nuclear Mondzish
- Unclassified Lolo-Burmese
- Pai-lang
- [ugo] Ugong
- Burmish
- Na-Qiangic
- Ersuic
- [ers] Ersu
- Lizu
- Tosu
- Naic
- Naish
- Laze
- [nru] Narua
- [nxq] Naxi
- [nmy] Namuyi
- [sxg] Shixing
- Naish
- Qiangic
- Gyalrongic (7 languages)
- Pumi
- [pmi] Northern Pumi
- [pmj] Southern Pumi
- Qiang
- Upstream-Nu Qiang
- [cng] Northern Qiang
- Southeast Maoxian Qiang
- [qxs] Southern Qiang
- Upstream-Nu Qiang
- Unclassified Qiangic
- Chamdoic
- Drag-yab
- Lamo
- Zlarong
- Chamdoic
- [mvm] Muya
- [qvy] Queyu
- [txg] Tangut
- [zhb] Zhaba
- [gqi] Guiqiong
- Ersuic
- Lolo-Burmese
- Dhimalish
- [dhi] Dhimal
- [txo] Toto
- Digarish
- [clk] Idu
- [mhu] Tawra
- Himalayish
- Mahakiranti
- Kham-Magar-Chepang
- Chepangic
- [byh] Bujhyal
- [cdm] Chepang
- Kham
- Parbate Kham
- [kif] Eastern Parbate Kham
- [kjl] Western Parbate Kham
- [kgj] Gamale Kham
- [kip] Sheshi Kham
- Parbate Kham
- Magar
- [mgp] Eastern Magar
- [mrd] Western Magar
- [drq] Dura
- Chepangic
- Kiranti
- Central Kiranti
- Khambu
- Kulungic
- [cuw] Chukwa
- [kle] Kulung (Nepal)
- [ncd] Nachering
- [raq] Saam
- [rav] Sampang
- Kulungic
- Southern Central Kiranti
- Bantawic
- [bap] Bantawa
- [wly] Waling
- [rab] Camling
- [raa] Dungmali
- [pum] Puma
- Bantawic
- Khambu
- Eastern Kiranti
- Greater Yakkha
- Athpariyic
- [aph] Athpariya
- [byw] Belhariya
- [cur] Chhulung
- [ctn] Chintang
- [ybh] Yakkha
- Athpariyic
- Upper Arun
- Lohorung-Yamphu
- Yamphuic
- [lrr] Southern Yamphu
- [ybi] Yamphu
- [lbr] Lohorung
- Yamphuic
- Mewahang
- [emg] Eastern Meohang
- [raf] Western Meohang
- Lohorung-Yamphu
- Greater Yakkha
- Western Kiranti
- Chaurasiya
- [jee] Jerung
- [wme] Wambule
- Northwestern Kiranti
- [bhj] Bahing
- [suz] Sunwar
- [vay] Wayu
- Upper Dudhkosi
- [dus] Dumi
- [klr] Khaling
- [kkt] Koi
- [tdh] Thulung
- [tij] Tilung
- Chaurasiya
- [lif] Limbu
- Central Kiranti
- Newaric
- Newar
- Eastern Newari
- [new] Kathmandu Valley Newari
- Thangmi-Baram
- [brd] Baraamu
- [thf] Thangmi
- Newar
- Kham-Magar-Chepang
- [lep] Lepcha
- [lhp] Lhokpu
- Mahakiranti
- Karenic (20 languages)
- Kho-Bwa
- Puroikic
- [suv] Eastern Puroik
- Western Puroik
- Western Kho-Bwa
- Chug-Lish
- [cvg] Duhumbi
- [lsh] Khispi
- Sartang-Sherdukpen
- [onp] Sartang
- [sdp] Sherdukpen
- Chug-Lish
- [bgg] Bugun
- Puroikic
- Kman-Meyor
- [mxj] Kman
- [zkr] Zakhring
- Kuki-Chin-Naga
- Angami-Ao
- Angami-Pochuri
- Angami-Mao
- Angami-Chokri
- [njm] Angami Naga
- [nri] Chokri Naga
- Naga Maoic
- [nbi] Mao Naga
- [pmx] Poumei Naga
- [nkh] Khezha Naga
- Angami-Chokri
- Pochuri-Northern Rengma
- [nnl] Northern Rengma Naga
- [npo] Pochuri Naga
- Rengma-Simi
- [nre] Southern Rengma Naga
- [nsm] Sumi Naga
- Angami-Mao
- Central Naga
- Yimchingric
- Makuric
- [lpn] Long Phuri Naga
- [jmn] Makuri Naga
- [pzn] Para Naga
- [yim] Yimchungru Naga
- Makuric
- [njo] Ao Naga
- [njh] Lotha Naga
- [nsa] Sangtam Naga
- Yimchingric
- Angami-Pochuri
- Karbic
- [ajz] Amri Karbi
- [mjw] Hills Karbi
- Kuki-Chin
- Central Kuki-Chin
- Core Central Kuki-Chin
- Lai Chin
- Falamic
- [bgr] Bawm Chin
- [cbl] Bualkhaw Chin
- [cfm] Falam Chin
- [cnh] Haka Chin
- Falamic
- Mizoic
- Hmaric
- [biu] Biete
- [hmr] Hmar
- [hra] Hrangkhol
- [sch] Sakachep
- [lus] Mizo
- Hmaric
- [dln] Darlong
- [tcp] Laamtuk Thet
- [pkh] Pankhu
- Lai Chin
- Maraic
- Nuclear Maraic
- [clt] Lautu
- [mrh] Mara Chin
- [shl] Shendu
- [zyp] Zyphe
- [sez] Senthang Chin
- [czt] Zotung Chin
- Nuclear Maraic
- Core Central Kuki-Chin
- Northwestern Kuki-Chin
- Aimol-Syriem
- [aim] Aimol
- Syriem
- Moyon-Monsang Naga
- [nmh] Monsang Naga
- [nmo] Moyon
- [anm] Anal
- [cdf] Chiru
- [nct] Chothe
- [rnl] Halam
- [nkd] Koireng
- [kmm] Kom (India)
- [lmk] Lamkang
- Sorbung
- [tro] Tarao
- Aimol-Syriem
- Peripheral Kuki-Chin
- Khomic
- [cek] Eastern Khumi Chin
- [cnk] Khumi Chin
- [cmr] Mro Chin
- Rengmitca
- Northeastern Kuki-Chin
- Sizangic
- Gangte-Vaiphei
- [gnb] Gangte
- [vap] Vaiphei
- [cnw] Ngawn Chin
- [smt] Simte
- [csy] Sizang Chin
- [zom] Zou
- Gangte-Vaiphei
- Thadoic
- [kfw] Kharam Naga
- [pck] Paite Chin
- [pub] Purum
- [ral] Ralte
- [ctd] Tedim Chin
- [tcz] Thado Chin
- Sizangic
- South Peripheral Kuki-Chin
- Ashoic
- [csh] Asho Chin
- [csv] Sumtu Chin
- Choic
- Daai-Muun
- [dao] Daai Chin
- [mwq] Mün Chin
- [cnb] Chinbon Chin
- [hlt] Nga La
- Daai-Muun
- Ashoic
- Khomic
- Central Kuki-Chin
- Tangkhul-Maring
- Maringic
- [nkb] Khoibu
- [nng] Maring Naga
- Tangkhulic
- Unclassified Tangkhulic
- Suansu
- [nmf] East-Central Tangkhul Naga
- North-Central Tangkhul Naga
- Northern Tangkhul Naga
- Southern Tangkhul Naga
- Unclassified Tangkhulic
- Maringic
- Zemeic
- Nuclear Zemeic
- [njn] Liangmai Naga
- [nme] Mzieme Naga
- [nzm] Zeme Naga
- [nma] Maram Naga
- [nbu] Rongmei Naga
- [nki] Thangal Naga
- Nuclear Zemeic
- [mni] Manipuri
- Angami-Ao
- Macro-Bai
- Caijia-Baic
- Baic
- South-Central Bai
- [bca] Central Bai
- [bfs] Southern Bai
- [bfc] Northern Bai
- South-Central Bai
- Caijia
- Baic
- Longjia
- Caijia-Baic
- Macro-Tani
- Koro-Holon
- [jkr] Koro
- Milang
- Tani
- Eastern Tani
- [adi] Bori-Karko
- [mrg] Mising-Padam-Miri-Minyong
- Pre-Western Tani
- Damu-Tangam
- Damu
- Tangam
- Western Tani
- Subansiri
- Bangni-Tagin
- [nbt] Na
- [tgj] Tagin
- [adl] Galo
- [njz] Nyishi-Hill Miri
- Bangni-Tagin
- [apt] Apatani
- Bokar-Ramo
- Subansiri
- Damu-Tangam
- Eastern Tani
- Koro-Holon
- Miji
- Bangru
- [sjl] Sajolang
- Mruic
- [anl] Anu-Hkongso
- [mro] Mru
- Nungish
- Gunong
- [duu] Drung
- [nun] Nung (Myanmar)
- [raw] Rawang
- Gunong
- Raji-Raute
- Raute-Rawat
- [rau] Raute
- [jnl] Rawat
- [rji] Raji
- Raute-Rawat
- Sinitic (26 languages)
- Tujia
- [tji] Northern Tujia
- [tjs] Southern Tujia
- Unclassified Sino-Tibetan
- Luren
- Nam
- [goe] Gongduk