Ternate

Introduction

Ternate is a language spoken in eastern Indonesia. It is spoken on the island of Ternate, and some neighboring areas in North Maluku. Historically, it served as the primary language of the Sultanate of Ternate, famous for its role in the spice trade.

The Ternate Verb

Ternate language speaking area

Ternatean verbs take subject markers

There is no tense marking on verbs for Ternatean.

The verbs are classified as:

• Stative verbs that express adjectival concepts;
• Active intransitive verbs that take one subject argument and express action or event;
• Existential, the verb sema is used for indefinite existential meaning;
• Transitive verbs
• Ditransitive verbs

Auxiliaries

Auxiliaries can be added either before or after the main verb in a verb phrase.

After Verb

• dadi, ability or possibility
• aku, to be allowed

Before Verb

• musti, necessitive, 'must'
• sari, intentional 'will'

Conjugate Verbs

Random Verbs

Verblist

abo, aca, aci, adi, ado, afaafa, afu, ahi, ahu, aka, akeake, aku, ale, alo, alus, amalaha, amo, anga, aoao, are, ari, aroni, aru, asu, ata, ate, atu, au doro, aya, babu, baca, badu, bahaya, bahe, bai, baising, baja, bala, baracinta, bareas, baso, bastel, bata, batinga, bau, baulaco, bayale, bayatu, begebege, benga, berarti, besa, betobeto, biau, bicara, bidi, bidibidi, biri, bobeto, boboho, bobudo, boho, boi, boloasu, bolutu, bonofo, bosusu, boti, bou, buau, bubu, budo, bue, buka, buo, burede, burhaso, buru, busa, busengi, busu, butu, cacu, cafarune, caga, cako, ciko, cou, dadi, dogo, dopolo cumu, dumaha, el, eli, fadu, faduli, fahe, fai, faja, faka, fako, falo, fandun, fane, fao, fara, fastiu, fati, fato, fea, fela, feno, fere, fero, fesa, feto, fifi, fikir, firi, fiyau, fodi, fofi, foforai, fofuru, foko, foloi, forai, foriki, foro, fororo, foso, foturu, fugu, fukafuka, fulaja, fuling, fuma, furaga, furasa, furu, futa, gagu, gila, golfino, golofino, goraka, hela, hio mada, hodo, hohe, horu, hotu, jaga, jaha, kobori, kolfino, kolofino, kuraci, lamo, mahodo, malo, mango, mau, mawu, mou, musi, ngitu, nita, nyala, nyanyi, nyata, nyele, nyemo, nyifi, nyigu, nyihi, nyinga, nyinga susa, nyiru, nyodi, nyoga, nyonyohi, oke, om, omu, pastiu, pilo, poha, ponoso, raai, raba, raca, raga, raka, rako, raku, ram, rame, rangi, rano, rapu, rararara, rata, rei, reka, rengke, reno, reo, repa, rete, ria, riha, riki, rio, ripo, riri, rofu, rogi, roka, rongge, roraka, rorebe, roso, ruahe, ruba, ruci, rufu, rugi, rugo, ruju, ruka, ruki, ruku, ruru, rurururu, rusu, sabarara, sabea, sado, sadu, sagu, sahasaha, sahe, sahu, sai, saka, saki, sakisi, sala, salafidi, salese, sanang, sanga, sangkari, sango, sangosango, sanoto, sara, sarangati, sari, saro, sasa, sasi, sasu, sau, sawang, seba, sedu, seiklas, selo, sema, sepa, setang, sewa, sia, siafu, sianaro, sibinyafo, sibuk, side, sidi, sidika, sifo, siham, sihisihi, silagi, silamo, siliba, sinanga, sinsara, sirato, siru, siu, sodihi, soe, sofi, sofo, soha, sohi, soloba, sololo, som, sompo, sompong, sone, songara, sonoto, sonyinga, sore, soro, sorogogo, soropa, soru, sose, sosere, soso, sosone, sosoro, sowohi, sua, suak, suba, sudo, sugo, sui, suka, sukare, sume, sumesume, suna, sung, sungi, supu, surugogo, susa, suwisa, taadim, tabalai, tabea, tabi, tabo, tabu, tada, tadu, tafi, taga, tagi, tago, tahi, taho, tai, taja, taji, talabu, talaki, talat, tale, tana, tango, taniru, tanu, tapa, tapar, taratib, tare, tarima, tasa, tau, tautau, tawaf, tebu, tede, tege, tego, tegotego, temo, teoteo, tera, tero, teru, tetateta, teto, tetu, tiadi, tiahi, tiana, tiba, tibako, tibo, tifo, tigo, tike, tiki, tim, timi, timu, tingi, tino, tita, titi, toa, tobo, todoha, toduku, tofahe, tofo, tofore, tofu, togu, toho, tokalo, toki, toku, tola, tolabane, tolabutu, tolofuku, tolole, tomo, toniru, tono, topa, topo, torara, torari, tore, toreba, tori, torifa, torifu, torihi, toru, totea, toteo, toti, totifa, toto, touru, towongi, tuba, tubele, tubo, tubutubu, tuda, tudu, tuduku, tufa, tufang, tufu, tuga, tugurofu, tuko, tuku, tulis, tum, tumrafu, tumu, tumurafu, tungi, tuo, turaba, turege, turu, tuso, tutu, uci, uda, udi, ufe, uga, uhi, uju, ula, ulu, ume, uni, upa, use, usu, uto, utu, wadaka, waho, waje, wako, wale, wari, waro, wasu, wati, wato, weku, wele, wigo, wilu, wiro, wito, woha, wohe, wola, woma, wora, woro, wosa, wosawosa, woto, wuna, wuni, yaha, yahu, yai, yapa, yare, yogo, yora, yoyoga, yoyogo, yufa, أكو, بابو, بيس, تعظيم, توريهي, توله, تونو, ساڠو, طواف, لامو.

External Links

• Rika Hayami-Allen: A Descriptive Study of the Language of Ternate, the Northern Moluccas, Indonesia
• Ternate Chavacano