Spanish
Conjugate VerbsFacts
- Language: Spanish
- Alternate names: Español, Castellano, Castilian
- Language code: spa
- Language family: Indo-European, Classical Indo-European, Italic, Latino-Faliscan, Latinic, Imperial Latin, Romance, Italo-Western Romance, Western Romance, Shifted Western Romance, Southwestern Shifted Romance, West Ibero-Romance, Castilic
- Dialects: Navarrese, Extremaduran.
- Number of speakers: 322299171
- Script: Latin script
More information:
Introduction
Spanish or Castilian is a Romance language originally from the northern area of Spain. It is the official language of Spain, most Latin American countries, and Equatorial Guinea and Western Sahara, in Africa. In total, more than twenty-five nations and territories use Spanish as their primary language, which is spoken in every continent around the world. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations.
Latin is the ancestor of Spanish. It didn't develop from Classical Latin but -- like other Romance languages -- from non-literary variety of Latin, the Vulgar Latin. Vulgar Latin evolved to Old Spanish, which in turn developed into modern Spanish. In the latter development, the verb conjugations underwent only minor changes.
Spanish Verb Types
Spanish verbs are divided in regular and irregular verbs. The vast majority of the verbs are regular. All the verbs are also divided in conjugation groups according to the ending in the infinitive (See the groups under regular verbs).
Note! By checking the sample verbs you also see the list of other verbs belonging to the same type of conjugation.
Regular verbs
Verbix shows regular forms in black. Check the verb conjugations for each verb below.
- 1st conjugation (I), verbs ending in -ar : cantar (to sing).
- 2nd conjugation (II), verbs ending in -er : comer (to eat).
- 3rd conjugation (III), verbs ending in -ir : vivir (to live).
Sample verb (1st conjugation): cantar
Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | ||||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Future | Present | Imperfect | Future | |||
Sg.1 | canto | cantaba | canté | cantará | cante | cantara / cantase | cantare | cantaría | - |
Sg.2 | cantas / cantás 2 | cantabas | cantaste | cantarás | cantes | cantaras / cantases | cantares | cantarías | canta! |
Sg.3 | canta | cantaba | cantó | cantará | cante | cantara / cantase | cantare | cantaría | cante! 1 |
Pl.1 | cantamos | cantabamos | cantamos | cantarámos | cantemos | cantaramos / cantasemos | cantaremos | cantaríamos | cantemos! 1 |
Pl.2 | cantáis / cantan 3 | cantábais | cantasteis | cantaréis | cantéis | cantárais / cantáseis | cantáreis | cantaríais | cantad! |
Pl.3 | cantan | cantaban | cantaron | cantarán | canten | cantaran / cantasen | cantaren | cantarían | canten! 1 |
Notes:
- Form borrowed from corresponding form in subjunctive
- Form used in Latin America; e.g., vos cantás (Iberian Spanish: tú cantas )
- Form used in Latin America; e.g., ustedes cantan (Iberian Spanish: vosotros cantáis )
Irregular verbs
Verbix shows irregular forms in red. Check the verb conjugations for each verb below.
Irregularities in Present tense
Verbs with diptongue.
- E > IE: calentar (I), perder (II), discernir (III)
- I > IE: adquirir (III)
- O > UE: contar (I), volver (II)
- U > UE: jugar (I)
- E > IE/I: sentir (III)
- O > UE/U: dormir (III)
Change in the stem vocale.
- E > I: pedir (III)
- O > U: podrir (III)
Consonants are added in the stem.
- C > ZC: conocer (II)
- N > NG: tener (II)
- L > LG: valer (II), salir (III)
- S > SG: asir (III)
- U > UY: huir (III)
- G added: caer (II), oír (III)
Other irregularities.
- B > Y in subjunctive: haber (II)
- C > G: hacer (II)
- AB > EP: caber (II)
- EC > IG: decir (III)
Irregularities in Preterite tense
Change in stem vocale
- E > I: gemir (III)
- O > U: dormir (III)
Strong preterites
- 1st conjugation: andar, dar, estar
- 2nd conjugation: caber, haber, hacer, placer, poder, poner, querer, responder, saber, ser, tener, traer, ver
- 3rd conjugation: conducir, decir, ir, venir
Irregularities in future and conditional.
Loss of the protonic vocal
- saber (II)
Loss of vocal and consonant
- 2nd conjugation: hacer
- 3rd conjugation: decir
Loss of vocal and addition of consonant
- 2nd conjugation: poner
- 3rd conjugation: salir
Ortographic modifications
Verbix shows ortographic modifications in blue. Check the verb conjugations for each verb below.
Modifications for preserving the pronounciation
1st conjugation
- C > QU: buscar
- G > GU: jugar
- GU > GÜ: averiguar
- Z > C: cruzar
2nd and 3rd conjugations
- C > Z: vencer (II), esparcir (III)
- G > J: coger (II), dirigir (III)
- GU > G: seguir (III)
- QU > C: delinquir (III)
Changes due to ortographic rules
Loss of atonic i
- bullir (III), bruir (III)
Atonic i changes to y.
- caer (II)
- oír (III)
- huir (III)
Change of the ortographic accent in verbs ending in -iar and -uar
- confiar
- continuar
Other changes of the ortographic accent
- U > Ú: aullar
- I > Í: airar
See also
- Spanish verbs with both regular and irregular past participle
- Verbs with irregular past participle
- Spanish at www.verbix.com
Verblists
- Spanish: Andalusia (AN)
- Spanish: Aragon (AR)
- Spanish: Asturias (AS)
- Spanish: Basque (PV)
- Spanish: Canary Islands (CN)
- Spanish: Cantabria (CB)
- Spanish: Castilla La Mancha and Madrid (CM, MD)
- Spanish: Castilla y León (CL)
- Spanish: Extremadura (EX)
- Spanish: Murcia (MC)
- Spanish: Navarre (NC)
- Spanish: La Rioja (RI)
- Spanish: Valencia (VC)
- Spanish: Verbs with Irregular Past Participle
- Spanish: Verbs with Both Regular and Irregular Past Participle
- Spanish - Asturian Dictionary
- Spanish - German, Standard Dictionary
- Spanish - English Dictionary
- Spanish - Portuguese Dictionary
Texts
Paralleltexts
References
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