Pali

Conjugate Verbs

Facts

More information:

    Introduction

    Pali or Magadhan, is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Pāli Canon or Tipiṭaka and is the sacred language of Theravāda Buddhism. The earliest archaeological evidence of the existence of canonical Pali comes from Pyu city-states inscriptions found in Burma dated to the mid-5th to mid-6th centuries CE.

    Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali

    The relation between Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Pali, can be simplified like this:

    Pāli belongs to Prakrit languages and is sometimes called a “literary Prākrit.”

    The Pali Verb

    The Pali verbs are conjugated in the following tenses/moods:

    The tenses are conjugated in: There are the following non-finite forms: infinitive, gerund, and several participles, including past active and past passive, present active and gerundive.

    Verb Root, Verbal Base

    Verb Root:

    Verbal Base:

    Verb Classes

    Pāli verb classes, known as gaṇas—groupings based on how verb roots conjugate. Each option corresponds to one of the seven traditional verbal groups plus some extra variants. The term “भुवादि” (bhūvādi), “रुधादि” (rudhādi), etc., literally means “the group starting with bhū‑,” “the group starting with rudh‑,” and so on.

    Pāli Transliterated & Devanagari Meaning / Conjugational Sign Example Verb (Meaning)
    भुवादि (Bhuvādi-gaṇa) –a– between root and ending √bhū → bhavati (“is”)
    रुधादि (Rudhādi-gaṇa) –ṃ a (ṃ-a) sign √rudh → rundhati (“obstructs”)
    दिवादि (Divādi-gaṇa) –ya– sign √div → dibbati (“plays”)
    तुदादि (Tudādi-gaṇa) –a– (same as bhuvādi, variant) tudati (“strikes”)
    जियादि (Jiyādi-gaṇa) –ya–
    कियादि (Kiyādi-gaṇa) –ṇā– sign √ki → kiṇāti (“buys”)
    सुवादि (Suvādi-gaṇa) –ṇo / ṇu / uṇā– signs √su → suṇāti (“hears”)
    तनादि (Tanādi-gaṇa) –o / yira– signs √tan → tanoti (“spreads”)
    चुरादि (Curādi-gaṇa) –e or –aya– signs √cur → coreti or corayati (“steals”)

    Pali Verb Roots

    Verblist

    abhijānāti, abhinimmāti, abhininnāmeti, abhinipphādeti, abhiropeti, abhisajjati, abhisandeti, abhitiṭṭhati, abhittharati, abhivādeti, abhivijināti, abhiyujjhati, acceti, adeti, adhigacchati, adhigaṇhāti, adhiṭṭhāti, ajjhāvasati, akkosati, anati, anujānāti, anukampati, anumodati, anupajjati, anupatati, anupavecchati, anupāpuṇāti, anussāvayati, anussāveti, anvassavati, anvāssavati, añjati, appeti, arahati, assavati, assu, atikkamati, atināmeti, atirocati, atthi, avasissati, avatiṭṭhati, ābādheti, ācarati, ādiyati, āharati, āmanteti, āneti, āpajjati, āruhati, āsavati, āyamati, bandhati, bhakkhati, bhamati, bhaṇati, bhaṇḍati, bharati, bhavati, bhāsati, bhāveti, bhāyati, bhijjati, bhindati, bhuñjati, bodheti, brūti, bubhukkhati, bujjhati, cajati, calati, caṅkamati, carati, cavati, chedāpayati, chedāpeti, chindati, cinteti, dadāti, damayati, dameti, deseti, deti, dhāvati, dibbati, disati, eti, gacchati, gadati, gaheti, galati, gameti, gaṇhati, gaṇhāti, garahati, gopeti, harati, hasati, hemi, henti, hesi, hoti, icchati, ijjhati, issati, jagghati, jahati, jalati, jayati, jānāti, jeti, jhāpeti, jināti, jīvati, juhati, kaḍḍhati, kamati, kampati, kandati, kantati, karīyati, karoti, kasati, katheti, kārayati, kāreti, khalati, khamati, khanati, khaṇati, khādati, khipati, khobheti, kilamati, kilamayati, kilamāpayati, kilamāpeti, kilameti, kīḷati, kujjhati, lagati, lujjati, lumpati, maddati, mahati, majjati, maññati, maṇḍeti, marati, modati, muñcati, musati, mussati, nahāpeti, namassati, namati, nayati, neti, nibbāpeti, nibbeṭheti, nibbindati, niddāyati, niggaṇhati, niggaṇhāti, nikkhamati, nimmādeti, nimujjati, nipatati, nirujjhati, nisīdati, nissayati, nudati, obhāsati, obhāseti, ogāhati, olujjati, orohati, pabbatāyati, pabbājeti, pabhāti, pabujjhati, pacati, paccakkosati, paccanubhoti, paccavekkhati, paccāgacchati, paccorohati, paggharati, pajahati, pajānāti, -pajjati, palambheti, pamaddati, paññāpeti, paṇamati, pappoti, paradāraṃ gacchati, paribhuñjati, pariharati, parimoceti, paripucchati, parisandeti, parisodheti, paritassati, parivasati, pariyuṭṭhāti, pasammati, pasāsati, pasīdati, passambhati, passati, patati, patiṭṭhahati, paṭibhaṇḍati, paṭibujjhati, paṭikaroti, paṭipajjati, paṭirosati, paṭisañcikkhati, paṭivedeti, pavattati, pavāheti, pavecchati, pavisati, payacchati, payirupāsati, payojeti, payujjati, payuñjati, pācayati, pāceti, pāṇamatipātayati, pāṇamatipāteti, pāpuṇāti, pātayati, pāteti, pāti, pāyāti, phallati, phandati, phandayati, phandāpayati, phandāpeti, phandeti, pisati, pivati, pīḷeti, plavati, posati, pucchati, pūjeti, rakkhati, ramati, riñcati, rocati, rodati, ropeti, rosati, roseti, rujati, rundhati, rūhati, sajjati, sakkaroti, samādiyati, samāneti, samijjhati, sammannati, sammati, sammodati, sampajjati, sampādeti, saṃvaḍḍhati, saṃvarati, saṃvibhajati, sandati, sandhiṃ chindati, sanneti, sannipatati, sannisīdati, santhambhati, santussati, saṅkaḍḍhati, saṅkhipati, sañcarati, sañjagghati, sapati, savati, sāvayati, sāveti, sedeti, seti, sevati, sibbati, siccati, sijjati, sikkhati, sināti, sinoti, siñcati, sīdati, sobhati, socati, socayati, socāpayati, socāpeti, soceti, sujjhati, suṇāti, sussūsati, taccheti, tarati, tasati, tāyati, temeti, tiṭṭhati, tuleti, turati, tussati, -ṭhahati, ṭhapeti, udayati, udeti, ujjagghati, ukkhipati, ummujjati, upagacchati, upalikkhati, upanayhati, upapajjati, upasammati, upasaṅkamati, upavattati, upāsati, uppajjati, ussāreti, uttarati, vacati, vada, vadati, vadhati, vanati, vanda, vandati, vanoti, vañceti, vapati, varati, vasati, vassati, vattati, vatteti, vatti, vāreti, vāsaṃ upagacchati, vāti, vāyamati, vedayati, vedeti, vicarati, vicinati, vidati, vigacchati, vigarahati, viharati, vijahati, vijayati, vijeti, vijināti, vikampati, vikkhipati, vinayati, vineti, viniveṭheti, viññāpeti, vippajahati, visodhayati, visodheti, visujjhati, vivadati, vivarati, vivaṭṭati, viyojeti, vuṭṭhāti, vūpasameti, yācati, yāti, yodheti, yojeti, yujjhati, yuñjati, अत्थि, आचरति, एति, करोति, कारयति, खनति, खादति, गच्छति, गण्हाति, चरति, चलति, जयति, जानाति, जिनाति, जीवति, जेति, झापेति, ठपेति, तरति, ददाति, दमयति, धावति, नमति, नयति, नुदति, पचति, पतति, पयुज्जति, पाति, पापुणाति, बन्धति, भवति, मज्जति, मरति, मुञ्चति, याति, योजेति, योधेति, रुजति, वत्तति, वदति, वनोति, वपति, वसति, वियोजेति, सम्मति, सीदति, हर, हरति, होति, होम, করোতি, পাতি, সম্মতি, අක‍්කොසති, අත්‍ථි, අන්‍වස‍්සවති, අන්‍වාස‍්සවති, ආදියති, ආපජ‍්ජති, ආමන‍්තෙති, ආරුහති, උත‍්තරති, උපගංඡි, උපගච‍්ඡති, උපනය‍්හති, උපසඞ‍්කමති, උපසම‍්මති, කරීයති, කරොති, කාරයති, කාරෙති, කිලමති, කිලමයති, කිලමාපයති, කිලමාපෙති, කිලමෙති, ගච‍්ඡති, ගොපෙති, ඡින්‍දති, ඡෙදාපයති, ඡෙදාපෙති, ජයති, ජෙති, තිට‍්ඨති, දදාති, දෙසෙති, නිස‍්සයති, නිසීදති, නුදති, පචති, පච‍්චොරොහති, පඤ‍්ඤාපෙති, පටිපජ‍්ජති, පතති, පයිරුපාසති, පරදාරං ගච‍්ඡති, පස‍්සති, පාචයති, පාචෙති, පාණමතිපාතයති, පාණමතිපාතෙති, පාතයති, පාතෙති, ඵන්‍දති, ඵන්‍දයති, ඵන්‍දාපයති, ඵන්‍දාපෙති, ඵන්‍දෙති, බන්‍ධති, භණති, භාසති, රක‍්ඛති, වදති, වධති, වායමති, වාසං උපගච‍්ඡති, විහරති, සංවරති, සඞ‍්කඩ‍්ඪති, සන‍්නිසීදති, සම‍්මති, සොචති, සොචයති, සොචාපයති, සොචාපෙති, සොචෙති, හරති, හොති, กโรติ, ขมติ, คจฺฉติ, คัจฉะติ, ททาติ, เทเสติ, นะมะติ, นะมัสสะติ, ปริหรติ, ปะจะติ, ปะระทารัง คัจฉะติ, ปูเชติ, พรูติ, ยาจะติ, วนฺทติ, สมิชฺฌติ, สะมาทิยะติ, สุณาติ, โหติ, อตฺถิ, อนุโมทติ, อสฺสุ, อะนุกัมปะติ, อะนุสสาเวติ, อะภิวาเทติ, อัตถิ, ຄຈ຺ຉຕິ, ຄັດສະຕິ, ຊຍຕິ, ຊຫຕິ, ຊະຍະຕິ, ຊະຢະຕິ, ຊິນາຕິ, ເຊຕິ, ທາວະຕິ, ປຊຫຕິ, ພະວະຕິ, ວິຊະຫະຕິ, ວິປ຺ປຊຫຕິ, ສຊ຺ຊຕິ, ໂຫຕິ, ອຕິກ຺ກມຕິ, ອນຸປຕຕິ, ອວຕິຏ຺ຐຕິ, ອຸກຂິປະຕິ, ອຸທະຍະຕິ, ອຸທະຢະຕິ, ອຸເທຕິ, နိက္ခမတိ, နိရုဇ္ဈတိ, ပါပုဏာတိ, ဝဒတိ, သုဏာတိ, ဥပ္ပဇ္ဇတိ, យាតិ, សម្មតិ, ᨠᩁᩮᩣᨲᩥ, ᨡᨾᨲᩥ, ᨡᩃᨲᩥ, ᨣᨧ᩠ᨨᨲᩥ, ᨧᩥᨶ᩠ᨲᩮᨲᩥ, ᨩᩉᨲᩥ, ᨴᨴᩤᨲᩥ, ᨴᩮᩈᩮᨲᩥ, ᨷᩁᩥᩉᩁᨲᩥ, ᨸᨩᩉᨲᩥ, ᨸᨱᨾᨲᩥ, ᨽᨱᨲᩥ, ᨽᩥᨶ᩠ᨴᨲᩥ, ᩅᨶ᩠ᨴᨲᩥ, ᩅᩥᨷ᩠ᨷᨩᩉᨲᩥ, ᩅᩥᨸ᩠ᨸᨩᩉᨲᩥ, ᩅᩥᩈᩮᩣᨵᩮᨲᩥ, ᩅᩥᩉᩁᨲᩥ, ᩅᩮᨴᩮᨲᩥ, ᩈᨶ᩠ᨶᩥᩈᩦᨴᨲᩥ, ᩈᨾᩥᨩ᩠ᨫᨲᩥ, ᩈᩩᨱᩣᨲᩥ, ᩉᩮᩣᨲᩥ, ᩋᨲ᩠ᨳᩥ, ᩋᨲᩥᨠ᩠ᨠᨾᨲᩥ, ᩋᨵᩥᨣᨧ᩠ᨨᨲᩥ, ᩋᨶᩩᨸᨲᨲᩥ, ᩋᨶᩩᨾᩮᩣᨴᨲᩥ, ᩋᩅᨲᩥᨭᩛᨲᩥ, ᩒᨽᩣᩈᩮᨲᩥ, 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺, 𑀓𑀭𑁄𑀢𑀺, 𑀪𑀯𑀢𑀺, 𑄌𑄢𑄖𑄨, 𑄖𑄂𑄠𑄖𑄨, 𑄛𑅇𑄖𑄴𑄖𑄖𑄨, 𑄢𑄇𑄴𑄈𑄖𑄨.

    References