Swedish

Conjugate Verbs

Facts

More information:

    Introduction

    Source:Wikipedia
    Swedish-speaking areas

    Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the coast and on the Åland islands. It is to a considerable extent mutually intelligible with Norwegian and to a lesser extent with Danish.

    Along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era.

    Swedish language periods

    Runic Swedish800-1225Runsvenska
    Early Old Swedish1225-1375Klassisk fornsvenska
    Late Old Swedish1375-1526Yngre fornsvenska
    Early Modern Swedish1526-1750Äldre nysvenska
    Late Modern Swedish1750-1880Yngre nysvenska
    Early Contemporary Swedish1880-Nusvenska
    Contemporary Swedish1950-

    The Verb

    Verbs do not inflect for person or number. (Early Contemporary Swedish also inflected in number)

    Verbs inflect for the present tense, past tense, imperative and indicative mood. Other tenses are formed by combinations of auxiliary verbs with infinitives or a special form of the participle called the "supine".

    In total there are 6 spoken active-voice forms for each verb: infinitive, imperative, present, preterite/past, supine, and past participle. The only subjunctive form used in everyday speech is vore, the past subjunctive of vara ("to be"). It is used as one way of expressing the conditional ("would be", "were"), but is optional. Except for this form, subjunctive forms are considered archaic.

    Swedish verbs are divided into four groups:

    1. regular -ar verbs
    2. regular -er verbs
    3. short verbs, end in -r
    4. strong and irregular verbs, end in -er or -r

    Sample verb: hitta

    Infinitive hitta
    Imperative hitta!
    Present hittar
    Past hittade
    Supine hittat
    Past participle hittad / hittat / hittade

    Defective verbs

    In linguistics, a defective verb is a verb with an incomplete conjugation. Defective verbs cannot be conjugated in certain tenses, aspects, or moods.

    The table below shows defective verbs in Swedish. The glossary look-up form -- which is normally the infinitive -- is marked in bold for the defective verbs.

    Infinitive INDICATIVE CONJUNCTIVE1 IMPERATIVE Supine
    Present Past Present Past
    - - ante - - - -
    - lyss lyddes - - lyss -
    - lyster - - - - -
    - lär2 - - - - -
    - - - må måtte - -
    - månde - - - - -
    måsta3 måste måste - - - måst
    - - - nåde - - -
    spritta spritter spratt - - spritt -
    - tör - - torde - -
    varda varder vart varde - - -
    - vederbör - - - - -
    - vederfås - - - - vederfåtts
    - - - värdes värdes - -
    stinga stinger - - - sting stungit

    Notes:

    1. Verbs don't have conjunctive forms in contemporary Swedish. It is used in some phrases only, such as in leve Kungen!. Thus a missing conjuctive doesn't make a verb defective.
    2. In the sense to teach this verb is regular and conjugated in all tenses.
    3. The infinitive exists in Swedish of Finland but not in Sweden.

    New Swedish verbs

    As is the case with all living languages, new verbs are invented and imported to the Swedish language. The list below is compiled by the Swedish Academy.

    bolagisera , certifiera , dissa , dubbelklicka , dubbelpanera , flippa , frihetsberöva , fönstershoppa , inkomstpröva , kameraövervaka , lyxrenovera , marknadsanpassa , mingla , pierca , promota , punktbevaka , pusha , skatteplanera , skejta , sms:a , sommarprata , uppgradera , överbelåna .

    Even newer verbs

    Språktidningen lists the following new verbs in its April 2010 issue:

    Conjugate these regular verbs here or visit Språktidningen to see the meaning.

    Verblists

    Paralleltexts

    External Links

    Notes

    References